• 中国科技论文统计源期刊(中国科技核心期刊)
  • 中国医药卫生核心期刊
  • 中国抗癌协会系列期刊

鼻腔鼻窦畸胎癌肉瘤3例临床病理分析并文献复习

邬慧倩, 刘燕萍, 周爱君, 李建明

邬慧倩, 刘燕萍, 周爱君, 李建明. 鼻腔鼻窦畸胎癌肉瘤3例临床病理分析并文献复习[J]. 循证医学, 2024, 24(2): 84-89. DOI: 10.12019/j.issn.1671-5144.202310010
引用本文: 邬慧倩, 刘燕萍, 周爱君, 李建明. 鼻腔鼻窦畸胎癌肉瘤3例临床病理分析并文献复习[J]. 循证医学, 2024, 24(2): 84-89. DOI: 10.12019/j.issn.1671-5144.202310010
WU Hui-qian, LIU Yan-ping, ZHOU Ai-jun, LI Jian-ming. Clinicopathological Analysis of Three Cases of Sinonasal Teratocarcinosarcoma and Literature Review[J]. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2024, 24(2): 84-89. DOI: 10.12019/j.issn.1671-5144.202310010
Citation: WU Hui-qian, LIU Yan-ping, ZHOU Ai-jun, LI Jian-ming. Clinicopathological Analysis of Three Cases of Sinonasal Teratocarcinosarcoma and Literature Review[J]. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2024, 24(2): 84-89. DOI: 10.12019/j.issn.1671-5144.202310010

鼻腔鼻窦畸胎癌肉瘤3例临床病理分析并文献复习

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重点项目(82130080)。
详细信息
    作者简介:

    邬慧倩(1989−),女,广东肇庆人,住院医师,在读硕士研究生,主要从事病理诊断工作

    通讯作者:

    李建明,E-mail:lijming3@mail.sysu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: R739.62

Clinicopathological Analysis of Three Cases of Sinonasal Teratocarcinosarcoma and Literature Review

  • 摘要:
    目的 

    探讨鼻腔鼻窦畸胎癌肉瘤(sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma,SNTCS)的临床病理特征,提高临床及病理医师对该疾病的认识。

    方法 

    收集3例SNTCS的临床病理资料,采用EnVision二步法开展免疫组化检测,并结合相关文献,分析其临床病理特征。

    结果 

    3例患者均为男性,年龄分别为35、55、69岁,肿瘤位于鼻腔、鼻窦,均表现为鼻塞、流脓涕。镜下可见良性及恶性上皮、间叶、神经上皮成分混杂分布,不同的成分表达相应的免疫组化标志物,其中2例显示所有成分均伴有SMARCA4缺失。1例仅行化疗,2例手术完整切除,其中1例术后放疗,1例术后联合放疗及化疗,随访时间4~20个月,其中2例分别于确诊后4个月和16个月失访,1例术后随访20个月仍存活。

    结论 

    SNTCS组织学形态复杂多样,需与鼻腔鼻窦多种肿瘤鉴别,确诊依靠充分的取材。肿瘤恶性程度高,侵袭性强,尽早手术切除及术后放化疗可提高患者预后。

    Abstract:
    Objective 

    To investigate the clinicopathologic features of sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (SNTCS) in order to improve the understanding of clinician and pathologists.

    Methods 

    The clinicopathological data of 3 cases of SNTCS were collected and immunohistochemistry was performed by EnVision two-step method, and related literature was reviewed.

    Results 

    All the 3 cases were male, with the age of 35, 55, and 69 years old (range 35~69), and located in the nasal cavity and sinuses, all of them presented with nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea. Microscopically, benign and malignant epithelial, mesenchymal. Different components expressed corresponding immunohistochemical markers, two cases showed that all components were SMARCA4 deficient. One case received chemotherapy only, two cases underwent complete surgical resection, including one case combined with radiotherapy and one case combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The follow-up was 4~20 months, 2 cases were lost to follow-up at 4 months and 16 months after diagnosis, respectively, and one case was still alive at 20 months after diagnosis.

    Conclusions 

    The histological morphology of SNTCS is complex, which needs to be differentiated from various tumors of nasal cavity and sinuses, and the diagnosis depends on sufficient sampling. The tumor is highly malignant and aggressive. Early surgical resection and postoperative combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy can improve the prognosis.

  • 鼻腔鼻窦畸胎癌肉瘤(sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma,SNTCS)是一种罕见的高侵袭性恶性肿瘤,由Heffner和Hyams[1]于1984年首次命名为“teratocarcinosarcoma”,具有畸胎瘤和癌肉瘤的组织学特点,但缺乏卵黄囊瘤、胚胎性癌、绒毛膜癌和精原细胞瘤等生殖细胞肿瘤成分[2]。由于该肿瘤组织学成分复杂多样,活检容易误诊为其他肿瘤,直接影响到患者的治疗和预后。本文报道3例SNTCS,分析其临床病理特征、免疫组化特点及鉴别诊断,提高临床及病理医生对该疾病的认识,为正确诊断及治疗提供参考。

    收集2017~2021年中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院确诊的3例SNTCS患者的临床病理资料,包括患者性别、年龄、症状、影像学检查及鼻内镜检查、病理诊断及后续治疗方式等,并对患者进行随访。该3例SNTCS的临床病理资料见表1

    表  1  3例SNTCS的临床病理资料
    Table  1.  Clinicopathological data of 3 cases of SNTCS
    Case Age/gender Symptoms Locations Stage Treatment Follow up (month)
    1 35/Male Nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, headache, impaired vision Nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus T4aN0M0 Chemotherapy 22, survival
    2 69/Male Nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea Nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus T3N0M0 Surgery, radiotherapy,
    and chemotherapy
    4, lost to follow-up
    3 55/Male Nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, headache, epistaxis Nasal cavity / Surgery and radiotherapy
    16, lost to follow-up
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    标本均经4%中性甲醛液固定,常规脱水,石蜡包埋,4 μm厚度切片,行HE染色和EnVision二步法免疫组化染色。检测抗体包括CK5/6、P63、CK7、CK20、CDX2、CD56、Syn、NSE、CgA、TTF-1、SMARCA4、β-catenin、AFP、CD117、CD99、CD30、HCG、SALL4,试剂购自北京中杉金桥公司及福州迈新公司。

    3例患者均为男性,年龄分别为35、55、69岁,均表现为持续性鼻塞和流脓涕,其中2例伴头痛, 1例伴鼻出血,1例患侧视物模糊。影像学检查提示鼻腔、鼻窦占位,1例伴骨质破坏及眼眶侵犯。鼻咽镜检查可见鼻腔内暗红色息肉状新生物。

    3例均由源自三个胚层多种不同的组织成分组成,上皮包括良性的肠型上皮、纤毛柱状上皮及鳞状上皮(幼稚的非角化透明鳞状细胞巢),2例可见腺癌,间叶成分包括平滑肌束及原始幼稚的间叶组织,1例可见骨样组织,3例均未见横纹肌肉瘤成分,神经上皮成分主要为原始神经上皮。各成分以不同比例、不同的成熟程度混杂分布,其中2例以神经上皮成分为主,1例以上皮成分为主。2例首次活检误诊为其他肿瘤,其中1例误诊为肠型腺癌, 1例误诊为嗅神经母细胞瘤。镜下图像病理特征见图1

    图  1  镜下图像病理特征
    注:A. 三个胚层成分混杂分布,可见上皮、原始幼稚间叶组织、平滑肌及原始神经上皮成分; B. 胎儿型鳞状上皮与腺上皮混杂分布,围绕平滑肌和原始间叶成分,形成类器官结构; C. 低分化的神经上皮成分; D. 免疫组化显示SMARCA4完全丢失,En-Vision法。
    Figure  1.  Microscopic image of pathological character
    Note: A. Admixture of epithelial, immature mesenchymal, smooth muscle and primitive neuroepithelial elements; B. Immature squamous epithelium and glands, surrounded by smooth muscle and immature mesenchymal; C. Poorly differentiated neuroepithelial components; D. Complete loss of SMARCA4 staning, EnVision.

    鳞状上皮成分表达CK5/6、P63,腺上皮成分表达CK7、CK20、CDX2,其中1例灶性腺上皮表达AFP,神经上皮成分不同程度表达CD56、Syn、NSE、CgA、TTF-1、CD99, 2例SMARCA4完全缺失, 1例未缺失,β-catenin、CD117、CD30、HCG、SALL4均阴性。3例SNTCS免疫组化汇总见表2

    表  2  3例SNTCS免疫组化汇总
    Table  2.  Immunohistochemical features of 3 cases of SNTCS
    CaseNSESynCgACD56TTF-1SALL4AFPHCGSMARCA4β-catenin
    1+++++/+//+++
    2++//
    3+++++++/+
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    2例行肿物扩大切除,1例行术后放疗及化疗(随访16个月后失访),1例仅行术后放疗(随访4个月后失访),1例由于肿物大,侵犯范围广而无法直接手术,仅行化疗(随访20个月,目前仍规律治疗)。

    总结国内报道74例SNTCS显示,发病年龄18~80岁,平均发病年龄48岁,男女比例约8∶2,65例(88%)累及鼻腔、鼻窦,36例(49%)累及筛窦、蝶窦,鼻塞、流涕、鼻出血是最常见的症状,26例(35%)行手术及化疗,20例(27%)行手术及术后放化疗,随访时间2~108个月(平均21.5个月),总生存率为58%。文献复习汇总见表3

    表  3  国内文献报道74例SNTCS的特征资料统计
    Table  3.  Data of 74 cases of SNTCS reported in China
    Clinical characteristics n (%)
    Male 59(80)
    Female 15(20)
    Age, /(year) 18~80(mean 48)
    Locations
     Nasal cavity 65(88)
     Ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus 36(49)
     Maxillary sinus 9(12)
     Olfactory fissure 11(15)
     Orbit 7(9)
     Anterior cranial fossa 11(15)
     Frontal lobe 4(5)
    Symptoms
     Nasal obstruction 56(76)
     Rhinorrhea 36(49)
     Epistaxis 34(46)
     Hyposmia 13(18)
     Headache 19(26)
     Impaired vision 6(8)
    Treatments
     Surgery alone 9(12)
     Surgery and radiotherapy 26(35)
     Surgery, radiotherapy, and
      chemotherapy
    20(27)
     Surgery and chemotherapy 7(9)
    Follow up, /(month) 2~108(average 21.5)
    Outcomes
     Survival 43(58)
     No evidence of recurrence 26(35)
     Recurrence 19(25)
     Deceased 14(19)
     Metastasis 8(10)
     Lost to follow-up 17(23)
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    SNTCS是一种较为罕见的高侵袭性恶性肿瘤,肿瘤形态复杂多样,可见混合3个胚层的成分,在过去有不同的诊断名称,包括恶性畸胎瘤、畸胎癌、胚细胞瘤等[1]。目前关于SNTCS的文献多为个案报道,英文文献报道约130余例,Chapurin等[3]及Rao等[4]分别对英文报道的127例和107例SNTCS进行总结,显示该疾病发病年龄10~82岁,平均发病年龄约50岁,好发于男性。国内既往文献报道71例,本研究报道3例,笔者总结国内报道74例SNTCS的临床病理特征,发病年龄18~80岁,平均发病年龄48岁,男性多发(80%),国内外文献基本一致[5-9]。本组3例发病年龄为35~69岁,均为男性,与文献报道一致。最常见的发病部位是鼻腔上部、顶部、筛窦、蝶窦和上颌窦、嗅裂区等部位,可伴眼眶、颅底及颅内侵犯。主要症状包括鼻塞、鼻出血、流脓涕、嗅觉下降、头痛等,当肿瘤侵犯眼眶可出现眼球突出、视力下降等症状[6,10]。本组病例均有鼻塞、流脓涕症状,其中2例伴头痛,1例伴鼻出血,1例因肿瘤侵犯眼眶导致患侧视物模糊,鼻内肿块通常表现为充满鼻腔的息肉状,表面可见坏死、溃疡。此病影像学检查缺乏特异性[11],通常显示鼻腔占位性病变,可累及筛窦、蝶窦、上颌窦及颅底等部位。

    组织学:SNTCS可见畸胎瘤样和癌肉瘤样成分,上皮成分包括角化和非角化的鳞状上皮巢、肠型腺体和假纤毛柱状上皮。间质成分多为纤维母或肌纤维母细胞样的梭形细胞,细胞密度稀疏到致密均可,可伴随较多核分裂象呈纤维肉瘤样改变。还可见到横纹肌母、软骨母细胞、骨母细胞及平滑肌组织或脂肪组织。间质成分通常环绕在上皮成分周围,平滑肌束围绕肠型上皮或纤毛柱状上皮可形成类器官样结构。上述各种成分形态从良性到恶性均可。癌性成分可以是腺癌或鳞状细胞癌,以腺癌多见[12],肉瘤成分以纤维肉瘤和横纹肌肉瘤多见。此外,还可以见到不同分化程度的神经上皮组织[12]。非角化透明鳞状细胞巢被认为是具有重要诊断意义的成分[1],在绝大部分病例中可查见。本组3个病例均可见非角化透明鳞状细胞巢,2例以原始神经上皮成分为主,1例以腺上皮成分为主,其中2例可见腺癌成分,3例均未见横纹肌肉瘤成分。SNTCS的起源尚不明确,肿瘤缺乏12q基因扩增以及其他生殖细胞肿瘤成分,因此大多数学者认为它的起源与生殖细胞肿瘤不一样,可能是源于鼻腔鼻窦黏膜(尤其嗅黏膜)中的原始多能干细胞[6,13-14]。SNTCS组织学形态多样,与多种鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤具有重叠的形态学改变,活检样本的病理诊断非常困难,容易误诊为其他肿瘤,最常误诊为嗅神经母细胞瘤[4,15]。本组1例最初被误诊为嗅神经母细胞瘤,1例误诊为肠型腺癌。因此正确的病理诊断必须进行充分的组织取样。

    免疫表型:上皮成分CK、EMA阳性,鳞状上皮巢CK5/6、p63阳性,腺上皮CK7、CK8/18、CK20阳性,平滑肌区Desmin、α-SMA阳性,横纹肌肉瘤区Desmin、MyoD1、Myoglobin均阳性,神经上皮成分CD99、NSE、Syn、CgA可不同程度阳性[7]。一般不表达AFP、HCG、PLAP、SALL4等生殖细胞肿瘤标志物。Campton等[2]报道部分病例可表达SALL4,Thomas等[14]报道可见小灶AFP阳性卵黄囊瘤成分。本研究中1例部分腺上皮区域显示AFP阳性,但缺乏明确生殖细胞肿瘤的组织学证据。最近有研究发现,双等位基因SMARCA4失活是SNTCS最常见的分子改变,通常表现为SMARCA4免疫组化完全或部分丢失[16-17]。而CTNNB1激活突变常与SMARCA4失活伴随,因此部分病例可呈现β-catenin核阳性,主要表达在鳞状上皮成分中[16]。本研究其中2例SMARCA4免疫组化完全丢失,3例β-catenin核阴性。SMARCA4免疫组化可能是SNTCS潜在的诊断辅助手段,尤其是在活检组织诊断。目前关于SNTCS的分子遗传学尚不明确,有待更多的相关研究提高我们的认识。

    鉴别诊断:(1)嗅神经母细胞瘤:肿瘤细胞大小较一致,呈小圆形或小梭形,可见真、假菊形团结构,但无SNTCS的畸胎瘤和癌肉瘤等其它成分。(2)未成熟型恶性畸胎瘤:少见于鼻腔鼻窦,由来自2个或3个胚层的未成熟和成熟组织构成,可见不成熟的神经管结构,缺乏癌和肉瘤成分。(3)畸胎瘤恶变:常由1种成分发生恶变,以鳞癌最多见,其次为腺癌,少数情况下为肉瘤,无SNTCS的癌肉瘤成分以及原始神经上皮成分。(4)恶性多形性腺瘤:黏液样基质、软骨分化及腺癌等结构易于与SNTCS混淆,但恶性混合瘤无畸胎瘤样形态和神经上皮成分。小活检标本可能无法表现全部的组织学特点,取材不充分可导致误诊,最容易误诊为活检标本中的单一肿瘤形态。因此,充分取材对鉴别诊断十分重要。

    SNTCS恶性程度高,容易侵袭周围软组织,可发生局部淋巴结和远处转移[18],远处转移部位包括肝[8]、肺[6]、骨[19]等部位。患者预后较差,通常在3年内复发,复发率为38%,平均2年生存率为55%[3]。目前,手术和术后辅助放疗是最常用的治疗方式,其次是手术加术后放疗和化疗,由于鼻窦的解剖复杂性,单靠手术不能保证完全切除肿瘤,因此,术后放化疗是非常有必要的。积极的多模式治疗方式可延长患者的生存期,最有效的治疗方案是手术切除联合术后放疗和化疗,手术联合放疗或化疗较单纯手术切除预后好[3-4]。国内报道中有3例患者生存时间超过5年以上[5,20],均为肿瘤早期确诊,因此早发现及积极的多模式治疗是提高预后的关键。最近报道表明部分病例存在SMARCA4CTNNB1基因突变,未来或许可以进行相应靶向治疗[21-22]

    总之,SNTCS侵袭性高,预后差,组织形态复杂多样,容易误诊,充分取材是正确诊断的关键,手术联合术后放疗和化疗是最佳的治疗方案。

  • 图  1   镜下图像病理特征

    注:A. 三个胚层成分混杂分布,可见上皮、原始幼稚间叶组织、平滑肌及原始神经上皮成分; B. 胎儿型鳞状上皮与腺上皮混杂分布,围绕平滑肌和原始间叶成分,形成类器官结构; C. 低分化的神经上皮成分; D. 免疫组化显示SMARCA4完全丢失,En-Vision法。

    Figure  1.   Microscopic image of pathological character

    Note: A. Admixture of epithelial, immature mesenchymal, smooth muscle and primitive neuroepithelial elements; B. Immature squamous epithelium and glands, surrounded by smooth muscle and immature mesenchymal; C. Poorly differentiated neuroepithelial components; D. Complete loss of SMARCA4 staning, EnVision.

    表  1   3例SNTCS的临床病理资料

    Table  1   Clinicopathological data of 3 cases of SNTCS

    Case Age/gender Symptoms Locations Stage Treatment Follow up (month)
    1 35/Male Nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, headache, impaired vision Nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus T4aN0M0 Chemotherapy 22, survival
    2 69/Male Nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea Nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus T3N0M0 Surgery, radiotherapy,
    and chemotherapy
    4, lost to follow-up
    3 55/Male Nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, headache, epistaxis Nasal cavity / Surgery and radiotherapy
    16, lost to follow-up
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   3例SNTCS免疫组化汇总

    Table  2   Immunohistochemical features of 3 cases of SNTCS

    CaseNSESynCgACD56TTF-1SALL4AFPHCGSMARCA4β-catenin
    1+++++/+//+++
    2++//
    3+++++++/+
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   国内文献报道74例SNTCS的特征资料统计

    Table  3   Data of 74 cases of SNTCS reported in China

    Clinical characteristics n (%)
    Male 59(80)
    Female 15(20)
    Age, /(year) 18~80(mean 48)
    Locations
     Nasal cavity 65(88)
     Ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus 36(49)
     Maxillary sinus 9(12)
     Olfactory fissure 11(15)
     Orbit 7(9)
     Anterior cranial fossa 11(15)
     Frontal lobe 4(5)
    Symptoms
     Nasal obstruction 56(76)
     Rhinorrhea 36(49)
     Epistaxis 34(46)
     Hyposmia 13(18)
     Headache 19(26)
     Impaired vision 6(8)
    Treatments
     Surgery alone 9(12)
     Surgery and radiotherapy 26(35)
     Surgery, radiotherapy, and
      chemotherapy
    20(27)
     Surgery and chemotherapy 7(9)
    Follow up, /(month) 2~108(average 21.5)
    Outcomes
     Survival 43(58)
     No evidence of recurrence 26(35)
     Recurrence 19(25)
     Deceased 14(19)
     Metastasis 8(10)
     Lost to follow-up 17(23)
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2023-10-12
  • 录用日期:  2024-03-19
  • 网络出版日期:  2024-07-12
  • 刊出日期:  2024-04-27

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