Correlation Analysis of Serum Vitamin D-Binding Protein, FGF23, Klotho and Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer
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摘要:目的
骨转移是乳腺癌常见的并发症之一,严重影响患者的生存和预后。本研究旨在探究血清维生素D结合蛋白(vitamin D-binding protein,VDBP)、成纤维细胞生长因子23(fibroblast growth factor 23,FGF23)和Klotho蛋白在乳腺癌骨转移中的表达及临床意义。
方法收集95例来自本院2019-08-01至2021-08-01的女性乳腺癌患者作为研究对象,经影像学和组织病理学方式诊断是否发生骨转移,将患者分为骨转移组36例,非骨转移组59例。分析两组患者的临床病理特征;采集患者外周血样本,通过ELISA对血清中VDBP、FGF23和Klotho进行定量分析;使用Spearman相关分析进行指标间的关联性分析;Logistic回归分析乳腺癌发生骨转移的影响因素;ROC曲线分析血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平预测乳腺癌发生骨转移的价值。
结果骨转移和非骨转移乳腺癌病理分级比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。骨转移和非骨转移乳腺癌患者血清中VDBP、FGF23及Klotho的水平依次为:(80.35±29.34)和(115.18±48.69)ng/mL、(658.35±201.19)和(405.36±154.42)pg/mL以及(155.82±40.29)和(229.35±72.46)pg/mL,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Spearman相关性分析显示,骨转移乳腺癌患者血清中VDBP水平与乳腺癌病理分级相关(P<0.05);FGF23和Klotho水平与病理分级、是否骨痛以及转移部位有关(P<0.05)。VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平均为乳腺癌骨转移发生的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线结果显示,VDBP、FGF23及Klotho预测乳腺癌患者发生骨转移的曲线下面积依次为:0.733、0.806、0.761,最佳截断值为:81.56 ng/mL、573.501 pg/mL和201.193 pg/mL;3个指标联合诊断的曲线下面积为0.820,高于单一指标诊断的曲线下面积。
结论血清VDBP、FGF23及Klotho水平可作为乳腺癌骨转移的参考指标,在乳腺癌骨转移的临床诊断上具有一定应用前景。
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关键词:
- 乳腺癌 /
- 骨转移 /
- 维生素D结合蛋白 /
- 成纤维细胞生长因子23 /
- Klotho
Abstract:ObjectiveBone metastasis is one of the common complications of breast cancer patients, which seriously affects the survival and prognosis of patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression and clinical significance of serum vitamin D-binding protein(VDBP), fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)and Klotho in breast cancer bone metastases.
MethodsNinety-five female breast cancer patients from our hospital from 2019-08-01 to 2021-08-01 were collected as the research subjects, the bone metastasis was diagnosed by imaging and histopathology, and the 95 patients were grouped into 36 cases with bone metastasis and 59 cases without bone metastasis. Analysis of clinicopathological features of patients in both groups; Patient peripheral blood samples were collected, the quantitative analysis of VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho in serum was carried out by ELISA; the correlation between the indicators was analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient; Logistic regression analyzed the influencing factors of bone metastasis in breast cancer patients; the value of serum VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho levels in predicting bone metastasis in breast cancer patients was analyzed by ROC curve.
ResultsThere was a significant comparison of pathological grades in patients with bone metastasis and non-bone metastasis breast cancer(P < 0.05). The serum levels of VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho in patients with bone metastases and non-bone metastases were as follows: (80.35±29.34)and(115.18±48.69) ng/mL, (658.35 ± 201.19) and (405.36 ± 154.42) ng/mL, (155.82 ± 40.29) and (229.35 ± 72.46) ng/mL, and the differences were statistically significant between the two groups(P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that VDBP in serum of breast cancer patients with bone metastases was correlated with the pathological grade of breast cancer (P < 0.05);the levels of FGF23 and Klotho were related to pathological grade, bone pain, visceral metastasis and metastasis site(P < 0.05). VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho levels were independent factors influencing the occurrence of bone metastasis in breast cancer(P < 0.05). The ROC curve results showed that the areas under the curve of VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho for predicting bone metastasis in breast cancer patients were: 0.733, 0.806, 0.761, and the best cut-off values were: 81.56 ng/mL, 573.501 pg/mL and 201.193 pg/mL. The area under the curve of the combined diagnosis of the three indicators was 0.820, which is higher than the area under the curve of the diagnosis of a single indicator.
ConclusionsThe serum levels of VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho can be used as reference indicators for bone metastasis of breast cancer, and have certain application prospects in the clinical diagnosis of bone metastasis of breast cancer.
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Keywords:
- breast cancer /
- bone metastasis /
- vitamin D-binding protein /
- fibroblast growth factor 23 /
- Klotho
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骨转移是乳腺癌的并发症之一[1],70%的转移性乳腺癌患者在疾病过程中经历了骨转移[2]。骨转移导致乳腺癌患者预后更差,并且会引发其他并发症,例如严重的骨痛、病理性骨折、高钙血症和骨髓浸润等[3-4]。因此,骨转移及其引起的并发症对癌症患者的治疗及生存预后具有重要影响。维生素D(vitamin D,VD)是控制钙稳态和骨矿化的内分泌系统的重要组成部分[5],但游离血清VD的半衰期非常短,它通过与维生素D结合蛋白(vitamin D binding protein,VDBP)结合而稳定并转运至靶组织[6]。研究显示,VDBP rs7041与乳腺癌之间存在关联[7]。此外,VD、成纤维细胞生长因子23(fibroblast growth factor 23,FGF23)和Klotho可共同调节体内的钙和磷代谢[8]。据报道,乳腺癌骨转移的细胞可大量合成FGF23[9]。然而,目前尚无统一的骨转移血清学检测指标。本研究通过检测骨转移和非骨转移的乳腺癌患者血清中VDBP、FGF23及Klotho水平,并对乳腺癌骨转移患者血清多种因子进行分析,以期为乳腺癌患者发生骨转移的早期诊断及检测提供帮助。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 样本来源
收集来自本院2019-08-01至2021-08-01诊治的女性乳腺癌患者95例,年龄37~72岁,均行常规抗肿瘤治疗,骨转移患者服用双膦酸盐。95例中绝经的50例,没有绝经的45例;发生骨转移的36例,未发生骨转移的59例。其中发生骨转移中多处骨转移的患者31例,单处骨转移的患者5例;发生骨痛的患者14例,未发生骨痛的患者22例。
纳入标准:(1)经组织病理学或者细胞学鉴定为乳腺癌患者;(2)对临床上症状显著且怀疑是骨转移的患者经同位素行全身骨扫描和全身正电子发射计算机断层显像以及CT或MRI等检测,并经非涉及本研究的2名及以上高级职称医师确诊为骨转移的患者;(3)年龄30~75岁。排除标准:(1)服用过影响骨代谢药物的患者;(2)1年内有骨性或风湿性关节炎、外伤骨折、临床确诊有骨质疏松的患者。患者的一般资料见表 1。本研究获得医院伦理委员会支持(伦理号:20190213),所有患者均提供纸质书面知情同意书。
表 1 95例女性乳腺癌患者一般临床资料分析Table 1. Analysis of general clinical data of 95 female patients with breast cancerClinicopathological characteristi Bone metastasis(n=36) Non bone metastasis(n=59) χ2 P Pathological grading[(1~2)/3] 13/23 40/19 9.101 0.003 HER2(negative/positive) 18/18 35/24 0.788 0.375 ER(negative/positive) 15/21 36/23 3.367 0.067 Menopausal(no/yes) 13/23 32/27 2.947 0.086 Bone pain(no/yes) 14/22 - - - Bone metastasis site(single/multiple) 5/31 - - - 缩写:HER2,人表皮生长因子受体2;ER,雌激素受体。
Abbreviated:HER2,human epidermal growth factor receptor 2;ER,estrogen receptor.1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 样本采集及处理
使用促凝管收集所有参与者清晨空腹静脉血5 mL。静置2~3 h后,离心20 min(3 500 r/min),分离上清后保存于-80 ℃冰箱备用。
1.2.2 主要试剂、仪器
VDBP(EH2937)、FGF23(EH3058)、Klotho(EH2184)ELISA检测试剂盒(均为武汉FineTest),5024R高速离心机(德国Eppendorf),THZ-312恒温振荡仪(上海精宏),SpectraMax M3酶标仪(美国Molecular Devices)。
1.2.3 血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平检测
参照ELISA检测试剂盒说明书,对血清中VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平进行检测。在TMB显色后的30 min内终止反应并立即在酶标仪中测量450 nm处的吸光度。标准曲线以每个标准品的吸光度值为纵坐标,对应的标准品浓度为横坐标绘制,根据检测样品的吸光度利用标准曲线获取样品浓度。
1.3 统计方法
使用SPSS 22.0进行统计分析。计数资料使用χ2检验,计量资料使用均值±标准差(x±s)表示。Shapiro-Wilk对数据进行正态性检验;非配对t检验进行两组间比较;Spearman相关分析进行指标间的关联性分析;Logistic回归分析发生骨转移的影响因素;ROC曲线分析血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平预测乳腺癌患者发生骨转移的价值。检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
2.1 乳腺癌患者一般资料分析
如表 1所示,两组乳腺癌患者病理分级相比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.2 乳腺癌患者血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平
如表 2所示,血清中VDBP和Klotho水平在骨转移乳腺癌患者明显低于非骨转移患者(P<0.05);FGF23水平在骨转移患者中高于非骨转移患者(P<0.05)。
表 2 95例女性乳腺癌患者血清中VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平检测Table 2. Detection of serum VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho levels in 95 female patients with breast cancer(x±s) Groups Breast cancer(n=95) Bone metastasis(n=36) Non bone metastasis(n=59) t P VDBP(ng/mL) 101.98±41.89 80.35±29.34 115.18±35.69 4.924 0.000 FGF23(pg/mL) 501.23±175.26 658.35±201.19 405.36±154.42 6.894 0.000 Klotho(pg/mL) 201.48±58.12 158.82±40.29 229.35±72.46 5.578 0.000 2.3 乳腺癌骨转移患者血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平与临床指标相关性分析
如表 3所示,乳腺癌骨转移的36例患者中,血清中VDBP水平与乳腺癌病理分级相关(P<0.05);FGF23和Klotho水平与病理分级、骨痛以及骨转移部位有关(P<0.05);VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平均与患者的是否绝经、ER、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)和HER2等无关(P>0.05)。
表 3 乳腺癌骨转移患者血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平与临床指标相关性分析Table 3. Correlation analysis between serum VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho levels and clinical indicators in patients with bone metastasis of breast cancer(x±s) Clinicopathological characteristics VDBP(ng/mL) r P FGF23(pg/mL) r P Klotho(pg/mL) r P Pathological gradinga 0.572 0.004 -0.532 0.007 0.585 0.002 1~2 80.35±28.06 542.24±186.39 175.15±45.16 3 70.68±28.61 715.35±185.32 139.12±39.29 HER2b 0.162 0.421 -0.135 0.523 0.105 0.572 Negative 78.85±28.63 659.16±180.39 158.59±44.16 Positive 80.64±28.15 655.13±182.19 152.39±39.64 ERc -0.085 0.645 0.221 0.235 0.069 0.740 Negative 78.89±28.16 657.65±182.39 159.19±40.13 Positive 80.57±28.66 660.13±183.64 152.12±40.12 PRd -0.015 0.928 0.087 0.629 0.212 0.240 Negative 79.92±27.56 658.49±185.39 154.15±39.01 Positive 80.62±28.19 659.19±186.39 156.15±40.24 Menopause 0.025 0.980 -0.066 0.948 0.316 0.752 Yes 80.29±22.35 659.57±187.56 156.39±45.23 No 80.41±24.16 657.05±184.36 159.18±40.16 Bone pain -0.102 0.576 0.478 0.010 0.510 0.004 Yes 80.28±28.16 763.25±182.39 124.39±38.56 No 80.39±29.09 490.16±180.23 184.13±40.36 Bone metastasis site -0.254 0.160 0.536 0.001 0.496 0.008 Multiple locations 80.02±28.16 758.65±185.40 132.19±38.64 The same place 88.55±29.37 498.28±184.23 178.19±40.36 注:a. 有效分析例数为29例;b.有效分析例数为30例;c. 有效分析例数为28例;d. 有效分析例数为31例。
Note:a. Indicated that the number of effective analysis cases was 29;b. Represented 30 effective analysis cases;c. Represented 28 effective analysis cases;d. Represented 31 effective analysis cases.2.4 乳腺癌患者发生骨转移的影响因素分析
采用Logistic回归分析骨转移发生的影响因素,以病理分级、骨转移部位、VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平为自变量进行分析。结果显示,VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平均为乳腺癌骨转移发生的独立影响因素(P<0.05),见表 4。
表 4 Logistic回归分析骨转移发生的影响因素Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of the influencing factors of bone metastasisFactors Regression coefficient Error Wald χ2 P OR 95%CI Pathological grading 0.195 0.852 0.052 0.819 1.215 0.229~6.454 Bone metastasis site 0.021 0.742 0.001 0.978 1.021 0.238~4.371 Bone pain 0.704 0.645 1.157 0.282 2.021 0.561~7.282 VDBP -2.919 0.789 13.685 0.000 0.054 0.012~0.254 FGF23 0.856 0.125 46.908 0.000 2.354 1.842~3.008 Klotho -1.211 0.521 5.400 0.020 0.298 0.107~0.827 2.5 血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平预测乳腺癌患者发生骨转移的ROC曲线分析
如表 5和图 1所示,乳腺癌患者血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平用于判断乳腺癌骨转移具有一定的准确性,VDBP和Klotho水平越高,发生骨转移的可能性越小;FGF23的水平越高,发生骨转移的可能性就越大。3个指标联合诊断后的ROC曲线下面积大于单一指标的曲线下面积。
表 5 血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平预测乳腺癌发生骨转移的ROC曲线分析Table 5. ROC curve analysis of serum VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho levels to predict bone metastasis of breast cancerProject Optimal cutoff value AUC Standard error P 95%CI Specificity(%)Sensitivity(%) VDBP 81.56 ng/mL 0.733 0.053 <0.001 0.630~0.837 76.27 72.22 FGF23 573.50 pg/mL 0.806 0.050 <0.001 0.709~0.903 93.22 58.33 Klotho 201.19 pg/mL 0.761 0.048 <0.001 0.667~0.857 59.32 94.44 Three indicators combined - 0.820 0.042 <0.001 0.736~0.903 74.58 80.56 3. 讨论
骨转移是乳腺癌最普遍的转移形式,它会引起骨痛、骨质流失、骨折和其他症状,严重影响患者生活质量,并且是致命的。目前,临床上主要依靠影像学技术诊断骨转移,但早期发生骨转移的影像学改变难以看出,增加了诊断骨转移的难度。近年来,随着血清标志物检测技术的不断发展,其对骨转移的早期诊断具有独特的功能,与全身骨显像相配合可弥补影像学检查的不足,同时可用于临床上肿瘤骨转移的早期诊断[10-11]。
随着研究的不断深入,发现受累骨骼在发生骨转移中可通过产生多种生物反应,改变骨骼内环境,进而破坏正常骨组织的结构,使肿瘤细胞在骨折内快速生长、繁殖[12]。VDBP是一种血清α2球蛋白,分子量为52~59 kDa,具有VD代谢物的结合和转运等多种生物学功能。例如:生物体可利用的维生素D的主要存在形式是25羟维生素D(25-hydroxyvitamin D,25(OH)D),而25(OH)D水平主要受VDBP水平的影响。据报道,VDBP可通过在血液中输送大量的25(OH)D发挥免疫调节功能。此外,VDBP也是控制骨代谢的积极参与者[13-14]。基于以上研究,本研究通过对本院乳腺癌骨转移或非骨转移患者血清中VDBP水平分析发现,骨转移患者血清中VDBP水平低于非骨转移患者,且与乳腺癌病理分级有关,低水平的VDBP与骨转移的发生有关。此外,ROC曲线结果显示,乳腺癌患者血清中VDBP水平可用于判断是否发生骨转移,且血清中VDBP的表达越低,骨转移发生的概率越高。这一结果在临床水平上证明了血清中VDBP与乳腺癌骨转移的相关性。
FGF23是一种主要由骨中的骨细胞和成骨细胞分泌的激素,对维持磷酸盐稳态至关重要。FGF23的主要作用是通过减少肾磷酸盐重吸收和25(OH)D合成来降低血清磷酸盐水平。FGF23缺乏会导致高磷血症和异位钙化,而FGF23过量会导致低磷血症和骨骼缺陷。过量的FGF23还与肾脏疾病的发病率和死亡率增加有关[15]。研究显示,在骨转移小鼠和乳腺注射MDA-MB-231细胞模拟原发性乳腺肿瘤中均可检测出大量的FGF23,证明了MDA - MB - 231细胞在转移至骨时合成FGF23[9]。此外,亦有研究显示,FGF23可作用于成骨细胞和破骨细胞,在调节骨量方面发挥重要作用[16]。本研究结果表明,血清中FGF23在乳腺癌骨转移患者中表达水平高于非骨转移患者,且与病理分级、骨痛以及转移部位有关,并且是发生骨转移的危险因素。根据ROC曲线结果,乳腺癌患者血清中FGF23水平可用于判断是否发生骨转移,且血清中FGF23的表达越高,骨转移发生的概率越高。这一结果首次证实了FGF23在乳腺癌骨转移中的潜力。
Klotho最初被发现是一种与许多年龄相关疾病过程有关的抗衰老蛋白,包括心血管、神经退行性疾病等[17-18]。研究显示,可溶性Klotho可调节各种细胞信号通路,包括骨骼发育[19]。据报道,Klotho蛋白作为FGF23的专性共同受体发挥作用,FGF23与Klotho与多种因素引起的骨代谢异常有关,有望成为骨代谢紊乱的新靶点[20]。本研究显示,血清中Klotho在乳腺癌骨转移患者中表达水平低于非骨转移患者,且与病理分级、骨痛以及转移部位有关,并且是骨转移发生的保护因素。根据ROC曲线结果显示,血清中Klotho水平可用于判断乳腺癌患者骨转移的发生,且血清中Klotho的表达越低,骨转移发生的概率越高。这一结果为临床上预测乳腺癌骨转移提供了证据。
综上,VDBP、FGF23和Klotho可分别作为乳腺癌骨转移的血清标志指标,且三者联合具有一定的诊断价值,为临床上早期发现和判断乳腺癌骨转移的发生提供帮助。众所周知,ER、PR和HER2是乳腺癌中最重要的检测指标,然而,本研究中VDBP、FGF23和Klotho表达水平均与ER、PR和HER2等指标均无相关性,可能样本量过少有关。后续需加大样本资料进一步证实。此外,VDBP、FGF23和Klotho三者是否可共同参与乳腺癌骨转移的作用机制仍需探究。
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表 1 95例女性乳腺癌患者一般临床资料分析
Table 1 Analysis of general clinical data of 95 female patients with breast cancer
Clinicopathological characteristi Bone metastasis(n=36) Non bone metastasis(n=59) χ2 P Pathological grading[(1~2)/3] 13/23 40/19 9.101 0.003 HER2(negative/positive) 18/18 35/24 0.788 0.375 ER(negative/positive) 15/21 36/23 3.367 0.067 Menopausal(no/yes) 13/23 32/27 2.947 0.086 Bone pain(no/yes) 14/22 - - - Bone metastasis site(single/multiple) 5/31 - - - 缩写:HER2,人表皮生长因子受体2;ER,雌激素受体。
Abbreviated:HER2,human epidermal growth factor receptor 2;ER,estrogen receptor.表 2 95例女性乳腺癌患者血清中VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平检测
Table 2 Detection of serum VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho levels in 95 female patients with breast cancer
(x±s) Groups Breast cancer(n=95) Bone metastasis(n=36) Non bone metastasis(n=59) t P VDBP(ng/mL) 101.98±41.89 80.35±29.34 115.18±35.69 4.924 0.000 FGF23(pg/mL) 501.23±175.26 658.35±201.19 405.36±154.42 6.894 0.000 Klotho(pg/mL) 201.48±58.12 158.82±40.29 229.35±72.46 5.578 0.000 表 3 乳腺癌骨转移患者血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平与临床指标相关性分析
Table 3 Correlation analysis between serum VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho levels and clinical indicators in patients with bone metastasis of breast cancer
(x±s) Clinicopathological characteristics VDBP(ng/mL) r P FGF23(pg/mL) r P Klotho(pg/mL) r P Pathological gradinga 0.572 0.004 -0.532 0.007 0.585 0.002 1~2 80.35±28.06 542.24±186.39 175.15±45.16 3 70.68±28.61 715.35±185.32 139.12±39.29 HER2b 0.162 0.421 -0.135 0.523 0.105 0.572 Negative 78.85±28.63 659.16±180.39 158.59±44.16 Positive 80.64±28.15 655.13±182.19 152.39±39.64 ERc -0.085 0.645 0.221 0.235 0.069 0.740 Negative 78.89±28.16 657.65±182.39 159.19±40.13 Positive 80.57±28.66 660.13±183.64 152.12±40.12 PRd -0.015 0.928 0.087 0.629 0.212 0.240 Negative 79.92±27.56 658.49±185.39 154.15±39.01 Positive 80.62±28.19 659.19±186.39 156.15±40.24 Menopause 0.025 0.980 -0.066 0.948 0.316 0.752 Yes 80.29±22.35 659.57±187.56 156.39±45.23 No 80.41±24.16 657.05±184.36 159.18±40.16 Bone pain -0.102 0.576 0.478 0.010 0.510 0.004 Yes 80.28±28.16 763.25±182.39 124.39±38.56 No 80.39±29.09 490.16±180.23 184.13±40.36 Bone metastasis site -0.254 0.160 0.536 0.001 0.496 0.008 Multiple locations 80.02±28.16 758.65±185.40 132.19±38.64 The same place 88.55±29.37 498.28±184.23 178.19±40.36 注:a. 有效分析例数为29例;b.有效分析例数为30例;c. 有效分析例数为28例;d. 有效分析例数为31例。
Note:a. Indicated that the number of effective analysis cases was 29;b. Represented 30 effective analysis cases;c. Represented 28 effective analysis cases;d. Represented 31 effective analysis cases.表 4 Logistic回归分析骨转移发生的影响因素
Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of the influencing factors of bone metastasis
Factors Regression coefficient Error Wald χ2 P OR 95%CI Pathological grading 0.195 0.852 0.052 0.819 1.215 0.229~6.454 Bone metastasis site 0.021 0.742 0.001 0.978 1.021 0.238~4.371 Bone pain 0.704 0.645 1.157 0.282 2.021 0.561~7.282 VDBP -2.919 0.789 13.685 0.000 0.054 0.012~0.254 FGF23 0.856 0.125 46.908 0.000 2.354 1.842~3.008 Klotho -1.211 0.521 5.400 0.020 0.298 0.107~0.827 表 5 血清VDBP、FGF23和Klotho水平预测乳腺癌发生骨转移的ROC曲线分析
Table 5 ROC curve analysis of serum VDBP, FGF23 and Klotho levels to predict bone metastasis of breast cancer
Project Optimal cutoff value AUC Standard error P 95%CI Specificity(%)Sensitivity(%) VDBP 81.56 ng/mL 0.733 0.053 <0.001 0.630~0.837 76.27 72.22 FGF23 573.50 pg/mL 0.806 0.050 <0.001 0.709~0.903 93.22 58.33 Klotho 201.19 pg/mL 0.761 0.048 <0.001 0.667~0.857 59.32 94.44 Three indicators combined - 0.820 0.042 <0.001 0.736~0.903 74.58 80.56 -
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