Establishment and Validation of a Predictive Model for Pathological Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
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摘要:目的
建立局部进展期直肠癌(locally advanced rectal cancer,LARC)新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解预测模型的建立,并对模型进行验证。
方法选择2022年1月至2024年3月在成都市第五人民医院行新辅助放化疗治疗的241例LARC患者进行回顾性分析。收集可能影响患者疗效的相关因素,根据疗效评价结果将患者分为病理完全缓解组与非病理完全缓解组,比较2组临床病理特征、影像学指标及实验室指标,以套索回归(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)筛选潜在变量后行多因素Logistic回归建立模型,以列线图对结果进行可视化,并对模型进行验证。
结果本研究纳入的241例LARC患者中有60例(24.90%)患者病理完全缓解。LASSO回归基础上行多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:病理类型、治疗方案、壁外血管侵犯、收缩期峰值血流速度(peak systolic velocity,PSV)变化率、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)为LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的独立性相关因素(P<0.05)。模型验证结果显示:受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)曲线下面积为0.836,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)为(0.773~0.899);模型曲线与理想模型曲线基本拟合成对角线。临床有效性分析结果显示当预测概率阈值0.18~0.85时使用本研究模型预测LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的净获益最高。
结论LARC患者新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解受病理类型、治疗方案、壁外血管侵犯等因素的影响,根据影响因素建立的列线图模型用于预测LARC患者新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解具有较高准确度与区分度。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo establish the establishment of a predictive model for pathological complete response after neoadjuvant radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) and to validate the model.
Methods241 patients with LARC treated with neoadjuvant radiotherapy at The Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu from January 2022 to March 2024 were selected for retrospective analysis. Relevant factors that may affect the efficacy of the patients were collected, and the patients were divided into pathological complete response group and non-pathological complete response group according to the results of efficacy evaluation, comparing the clinicopathological characteristics, imaging indexes and laboratory indexes of the 2 groups, and the multifactorial Logistic regression was performed to establish a model after screening the potential variables by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and the results were visualized by Nomogram, and the model was verified.
ResultsOf the 241 LARC patients included in this study, 60 (24.90%) had complete pathological response. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis based on LASSO regression showed that pathological type, treatment regimen, extra-mural vascular invasion, rate of change of peak systolic velocity (PSV), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were the independent correlates of complete pathological response after neoadjuvant radiotherapy for LARC (P<0.05). The results of model validation showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.836 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of (0.773~0.899); the model curve was basically fitted to the ideal model curve as a diagonal. The results of clinical validity analysis showed the highest net benefit of predicting pathological complete response after neoadjuvant radiotherapy for LARC using the model of this study when the predictive probability threshold was 0.18~0.85.
ConclusionPathological complete response after neoadjuvant radiotherapy in patients with LARC is influenced by the type of pathology, treatment regimen, and extra-mural vascular invasion, etc. The Nomogram model based on the influencing factors is used to predict pathological complete response after neoadjuvant radiotherapy in patients with LARC with a high degree of accuracy and discrimination.
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直肠癌为常见恶性肿瘤之一,据调查全球结直肠癌患者超193万,而国内约有55万的结直肠癌患者,约占全球病例的28.8%[1]。因直肠癌早期症状隐匿,大部分患者在确诊时已属于局部进展期直肠癌(locally advanced rectal cancer,LARC),即美国癌症联合委员会(The American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)分期的T3~4期和/或N+期且未发现远处转移灶[2]。通过新辅助放化疗使肿瘤降期后行直肠系膜切除术可达到R0切除,目前该疗法已逐步成为LARC的标准治疗策略[3]。但因异质性的存在,新辅助放化疗后约有60%患者可实现肿瘤退缩切除,15%~27%的患者能达到病理完全缓解[4]。随着对该病的研究深入,大量学者认为对于不同新辅助放化疗疗效患者应采取不同的治疗措施,对于病理完全缓解者可考虑采取等待观察或损伤更小的外科治疗方案[5]。因此在此类患者中,精准识别出完全病理缓解患者可有效减少不必要的干预,降低患者医疗费用支出的同时还可保证预后。目前虽有大量学者就此问题开展研究,也有学者建立了预测模型,但相关研究纳入因素较多可能存在多重共线性[6]。为避免多重共线性的问题,本研究采用套索回归(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)对潜在预测因子进行筛选,LASSO模型在回归过程中通过添加一个L1惩罚项,通过惩罚项的作用,可以有效避免模型在训练数据上过拟合实现特征筛选,这一特性使得LASSO能够在众多潜在预测因子中筛选出对目标变量影响显著的因子,减少模型的复杂性[7]。因此本研究旨在通过建立基于LASSO的列线图模型,以期为LARC患者新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解预测提供新的思路。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2022年1月至2024年3月在成都市第五人民医院行新辅助放化疗治疗的241例LARC患者进行回顾性分析。纳入标准:经病理学检查证实为LARC;在我院行新辅助放化疗治疗;拟分析的相关资料完整;磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)图像等影像学资料满足分析要求。排除标准:LARC治疗前有恶性肿瘤病史者;有放化疗治疗史者;未按要求完成新辅助放化疗疗程者;治疗前或治疗过程中发现远处转移者;合并其他系统恶性肿瘤者;行新辅助放化疗治疗前曾接受其他治疗者。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 新辅助放化疗治疗方案
入组后患者均依指南行放疗+卡培他滨化疗方案:放疗5周,单次剂量1.8~2.0 Gy,总剂量45.0~50.4 Gy/25~28 F;期间行卡培他滨化疗,剂量,825 mg/m2 BID,每周5天或奥沙利铂+卡培他滨化疗,第一天奥沙利铂130 mg/m2+卡培他滨1 000 mg/m2第1~14天,BID,3周一次。
1.2.2 潜在预测因子的收集
本研究收集预测因子时,主要基于几个维度的考量:文献中已报道影响预测因子、临床实践中发现的预测因子,以及那些事先假设但仍尚待证实者,具体包括:(1)临床病理特征:性别、年龄、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、分化程度、病理类型、治疗方案。(2)影像学指标:MRI指标:病灶下缘距肛缘距离、治疗前病灶长径、长径变化率、治疗前厚径、厚径变化率、直肠癌环周切缘、壁外血管侵犯、T分期、N分期。直肠造影指标:治疗前收缩期峰值血流速度(peak systolic velocity,PSV)、PSV变化率、阻力指数(resistance index,RI)、RI变化率、治疗前超声造影不均匀增强程度分级(contrast-enhanced ultrasound inhomogeneity grade,CEUS-IG)、CEUS-IG降级。其中变化率为治疗前及疗程结束后各影像学指标变化情况。直肠癌环周切缘阳性为直肠癌浸润最深处与直肠系膜间最短距离≥1 mm,反之为阴性[8]。壁外血管侵犯为固有肌层外脉管系统中发现肿瘤细胞,根据文献分为0~4级,0~2级为阴性,3~4级为阳性[9]。CEUS-IG降级指CEUS-IG分级较治疗前下降。(3)实验室指标:血常规指标:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR);肿瘤标志物:癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、糖类抗原19-9(carbohydrate antigen 19-9,CA19-9)、糖类抗原125(carbohydrate antigen 125,CA125),上述指标均收集于治疗前。
1.2.3 疗效评价及模型建立
患者在同步放化疗疗程后6~14周行手术治疗,根据切除病灶(包括淋巴结)病理结果,显微镜下未见肿瘤细胞残留(术后病理ypT0N0)即判断为病理完全缓解。根据疗效评价结果将患者分为病理完全缓解组与非病理完全缓解组,比较2组临床病理特征、影像学指标及实验室指标,以LASSO回归筛选潜在变量后行多因素Logistic回归建立模型,以列线图对结果进行可视化,并对模型进行验证。
1.3 统计学方法
用R4.1.3软件分析数据,基线分析以病理完全缓解组、非病理完全缓解组展示并分析,计数资料行χ2检验,计量资料行t检验。采用LASSO回归筛选LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的潜在预测因子,并经多因素Logistic分析进一步筛选出独立性预测因子,建立风险预测模型并以列线图进行可视化,以受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)检验模型区分度,采用bootstrap重复抽样1 000次进行内部验证,以校准曲线及H-L拟合优度检验检验模型准确度,以决策曲线分析临床有效性,均以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1 病理完全缓解组与非病理完全缓解组各资料比较
本研究纳入的241例LARC患者中有60例(24.90%)患者病理完全缓解,病理完全缓解组与非病理完全缓解组患者分化程度、病理类型、治疗方案、病灶下缘距肛缘距离、治疗前病灶长径、长径变化率、壁外血管侵犯、PSV变化率、CEUS-IG降级、NLR、PLR、CEA差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
表 1 病理完全缓解组与非病理完全缓解组各资料比较Table 1. Comparison of various data between the pathological complete response group and the non-pathological complete response groupFactors Pathological complete
response group (n=60)Non-pathological complete
response group (n=181)χ2/t P Gender 0.763 0.382 Male 42 137 Female 18 44 Age /(years) 57.19±8.01 58.03±7.73 −0.723 0.470 BMI /(kg/cm2) 22.81±3.88 23.04±4.13 −0.379 0.705 Degree of differentiation 9.205 0.002 High differentiation 43 89 Middle-to-low differentiation 17 92 Pathological type 9.604 0.002 Non-mucinous adenocarcinoma 49 108 Mucinous adenocarcinoma 11 73 Treatment program 8.852 0.003 Capecitabine 16 88 Oxaliplatin + capecitabine 44 93 Distance of lower edge of
lesion from anal verge /(cm)3.42±1.77 4.18±1.39 −3.418 <0.001 Pre-treatment lesion length /(mm) 39.13±9.32 42.18±8.94 −2.266 0.024 Rate of change in length and diameter /(%) 32.82±9.13 29.04±8.27 2.986 0.003 Thickness diameter before treatment /(mm) 16.32±6.31 15.95±5.94 0.412 0.681 Rate of change in thickness and diameter /(%) 35.81±5.89 36.23±6.12 −0.465 0.642 Circumferential margin for rectal cancer 1.013 0.314 Negative 26 92 Positive 34 89 Extramural vascular invasion 9.648 0.002 Negative 43 88 Positive 17 93 T stage 2.255 0.133 T3 54 129 T4 16 62 N stage 0.239 0.625 N0 14 48 N1 46 133 PSV /(cm/s) 12.37±4.17 13.08±3.88 −1.206 0.229 Rate of change in PSV /(%) 20.25±5.43 13.11±4.51 10.079 <0.001 RI 0.77±0.14 0.75±0.12 1.072 0.285 Rate of change in RI /(%) 8.92±1.97 9.23±2.03 −1.033 0.303 CEUS-IG 0.266 0.606 Favorable 19 51 Unfavorable 41 130 CEUS-IG downgrade 8.852 0.003 No 16 88 Yes 44 93 NLR 3.59±1.19 5.51±1.79 −7.559 <0.001 PLR 198.27±48.17 152.04±39.18 7.463 <0.001 CEA /(ng/mL) 3.24±1.00 4.71±1.34 −9.003 <0.001 CA19-9 /(U/L) 8.19±2.03 7.96±1.97 0.778 0.437 CA125 /(U/mL) 15.13±3.92 14.87±3.19 0.516 0.606 2.2 LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的潜在预测因子筛选
以表1中所有指标为自变量,LARC新辅助放化疗后疗效为因变量行LASSO回归筛潜在预测因子,结果显示:共10个指标被筛选为LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的潜在预测因子,分别为:分化程度、病理类型、治疗方案、病灶下缘距肛缘距离、长径变化率、壁外血管侵犯、PSV变化率、CEUS-IG降级、NLR、CEA,见图1、图2。
2.3 LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的多因素分析
将LASSO回归筛选的10个潜在预测因子为自变量,LARC新辅助化疗后疗效为因变量行多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:病理类型、治疗方案、壁外血管侵犯、PSV变化率、NLR、CEA为LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的独立性相关因素(P<0.05),见表2。
表 2 LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的多因素分析Table 2. Multifactorial analysis of complete pathological response after neoadjuvant radiotherapy for LARCFactor B SE Wald P OR OR 95%CI Low limit High limit Degree of differentiation −0.521 0.288 3.273 0.070 0.594 0.338 1.044 Pathological type −1.192 0.567 4.424 0.035 0.304 0.1 0.922 Treatment program 1.368 0.552 6.133 0.013 3.928 1.33 11.601 Distance of lower edge of lesion from anal verge −0.389 0.199 3.821 0.051 0.678 0.459 1.001 Rate of change in length and diameter 0.417 0.243 2.945 0.086 1.517 0.942 2.443 Extramural vascular invasion −2.135 0.584 13.371 <0.001 0.118 0.038 0.371 Rate of change in PSV 0.297 0.056 28.112 <0.001 1.346 1.206 1.502 CEUS-IG downgrade 0.442 0.275 2.583 0.108 1.556 0.908 2.667 NLR −0.577 0.163 12.501 <0.001 0.561 0.408 0.773 CEA −1.175 0.242 23.598 <0.001 0.309 0.192 0.496 Constant 1.467 1.478 0.985 0.321 4.338 2.4 LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解预测模型的建立与验证
根据表2结果建立LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解预测模型,模型回归方程为:Logit=−1.192×病理类型+1.368×治疗方案−2.135×壁外血管侵犯+0.297×PSV变化率−0.577×NLR−1.175×CEA,用列线图对模型结果进行可视化,见图3。模型验证结果显示:ROC曲线下面积为0.836,95%CI为(0.773~0.899)见图4;准确度:模型曲线与理想模型曲线基本拟合成对角线,见图5。临床有效性分析结果显示当预测概率阈值0.18~0.85时使用本研究模型预测LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的净获益最高,见图6。
3. 讨 论
新辅助放化疗后行外科手术治疗为LARC的常用治疗方案,报道称LARC患者行新辅助放化疗后有15%~27%可达病理完全缓解[10],本研究的24.90%在此范围内。病理完全缓解有助于降低局部复发及远处转移风险,近年有学者建议对于病理完全缓解者可考虑采用局限性切除或观察随诊疗法而替代传统的全肠系膜切除[11]。因此,预测LARC患者新辅助放化疗后能否达到病理完全缓解,有助于临床上决定是否采取创伤更小治疗措施。目前虽有研究分析影像学资料、实验室指标对LARC患者新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的预测作用,但所选指标较为局限,少有研究将患者临床病理指标、影像学指标、实验室指标进行综合分析[12]。本研究旨在通过综合分析上述各因素,并建立预测模型,以期为此类患者治疗方案制订提供参考。
与过去多因素分析时先采用单因素分析筛选潜在变量的思路不同,本研究采用LASSO回归筛选潜在变量。单因素分析基础上行多因素分析虽然操作简便,但可能将存在多重共线性的因素纳入模型,将可导致变量的影响被其他相关变量所掩盖或夸大。LASSO能够自动将不重要的变量系数压缩至零,从而实现对变量的选择剔除不重要的变量,对于重要的变量,LASSO回归还可对其系数进行压缩而进一步减少模型对共线性变量的依赖,提高模型的稳定性与准确性,使模型更加简洁、易于解释[13]。本研究在LASSO回归基础上行多因素分析结果显示:病理类型、治疗方案、壁外血管侵犯、PSV变化率、NLR、CEA为LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的独立性相关因素,具体分析如下:(1)LARC常见的病理类型有腺癌、腺鳞癌、鳞状细胞癌等,其中以腺癌(尤以黏液腺癌)较常见,本研究发现黏液腺癌患者病理完全缓解率较低,与相关研究结果一致[14]。这可能与黏液腺癌可分泌大量黏蛋白而与细胞膜结合形成屏障,阻挡化疗药物进入病灶而影响疗效有关,因此对于黏液腺癌患者应谨慎选择药物。(2)放疗治疗LARC主要是通过足够的时间以实现肿瘤降期,新辅助放化疗主要是通过在同步放疗结束至手术治疗期间进行化疗以加强对临床上未及时发现的肿瘤微转移灶的控制实现病理完全缓解。本研究结果显示不同的化疗方案对于患者疗效影响显著,奥沙利铂+卡培他滨方案疗效更佳,与相关研究结果一致[15]。奥沙利铂为第三代铂类衍生物,主要通过抑制肿瘤细胞的DNA合成和复制而灭杀癌细胞;卡培他滨则为氟尿嘧啶的前体药物,在口服后转化氟尿嘧啶,该药可直接发挥杀灭癌细胞的作用,两者联合能从不同机制抑制癌的生长及扩散,已被用于多种恶性肿瘤的治疗[16]。(3)当直肠癌发生壁外血管侵犯时,通常意味着肿瘤已经浸润直肠管壁全层并侵犯到外部血管,这标志着肿瘤具有更强的侵袭性和转移性,使得药物难以充分渗透到肿瘤内部,从而影响其治疗效果;另外,壁外血管侵犯增加了肿瘤细胞通过血液系统播散到全身风险,这进一步降低了化疗对肿瘤的控制效果,并可能加速疾病的进展[17]。(4)PSV为常用的血流动力学参数,本研究结果显示病理完全缓解组PSV变化率更大,这可能与化疗过程对肿瘤细胞灭杀的同时还可改变肿瘤组织内部血管结构及功能而使肿瘤组织血供受损,使PSV治疗前后差值增加而提升PSV变化率有关[18]。(5)中性粒细胞为炎症细胞的一种,研究发现其有促进肿瘤细胞转移、血管生成、肿瘤进展的作用,该作用主要通过分泌细胞因子以实现,而肿瘤细胞又可促进炎性介质释放,而致淋巴细胞计数下降,因而NLR除常用于炎症程度评估外,还用于恶性肿瘤的预后预测[19]。本研究结果显示病理完全缓解组NLR水平更低,与上述观点一致,考虑可能与NLR水平高者炎症反应更强,可导致肝脏和肾脏等器官的功能受损,从而影响化疗药物的代谢和排泄。此外,炎症反应还可能改变肿瘤组织的血管结构和通透性,影响化疗药物在肿瘤组织内的分布和渗透而影响疗效。(6)CEA已被研究证实可用于预测LARC患者新辅助放化疗的疗效[20],其具体机制尚未完全被阐释,可能与CEA水平低者肿瘤的恶性程度相对较低,往往具有更好的分化程度、更低的侵袭性和转移能力,这些特性都与有助于提高化疗的疗效有关。
在获得上述影响因素后为方便预测模型的推广,本研究采用列线图对模型进行可视化,验证结果显示本研究建立的模型具有较高的准确度与区分度,可在LARC人群中准确识别出高概率病理完全缓解人群。临床上可根据评估结果,为患者制定个性化的治疗方案,并可将该结果用于患者的个性化健康教育加强患者对自身病情的了解,提高患者治疗依从性。鉴于本研究目前研究为单中心研究,模型预测效果在更广泛地域的适用性尚需通过外部数据的验证来明确。为了增强研究结论的普遍适用性和可信度,我们已规划在未来启动多中心研究方案,旨在通过拓宽样本的地域分布和增加样本量,对模型进行更深入的优化与验证,将不仅丰富模型的内涵,还能进一步巩固和拓展本研究的发现。
综上所述,LARC患者新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解受病理类型、治疗方案、壁外血管侵犯等因素的影响均与文献报道结果一致,根据影响因素建立的列线图模型用于预测LARC患者新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解具有较高准确度与区分度。因本研究为单中心研究,受样本量的限制本研究未采用外部数据对模型进行验证,为提高内部数据验证的可信度本研究采用bootstrap重复抽样1 000次进行内部验证。
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表 1 病理完全缓解组与非病理完全缓解组各资料比较
Table 1 Comparison of various data between the pathological complete response group and the non-pathological complete response group
Factors Pathological complete
response group (n=60)Non-pathological complete
response group (n=181)χ2/t P Gender 0.763 0.382 Male 42 137 Female 18 44 Age /(years) 57.19±8.01 58.03±7.73 −0.723 0.470 BMI /(kg/cm2) 22.81±3.88 23.04±4.13 −0.379 0.705 Degree of differentiation 9.205 0.002 High differentiation 43 89 Middle-to-low differentiation 17 92 Pathological type 9.604 0.002 Non-mucinous adenocarcinoma 49 108 Mucinous adenocarcinoma 11 73 Treatment program 8.852 0.003 Capecitabine 16 88 Oxaliplatin + capecitabine 44 93 Distance of lower edge of
lesion from anal verge /(cm)3.42±1.77 4.18±1.39 −3.418 <0.001 Pre-treatment lesion length /(mm) 39.13±9.32 42.18±8.94 −2.266 0.024 Rate of change in length and diameter /(%) 32.82±9.13 29.04±8.27 2.986 0.003 Thickness diameter before treatment /(mm) 16.32±6.31 15.95±5.94 0.412 0.681 Rate of change in thickness and diameter /(%) 35.81±5.89 36.23±6.12 −0.465 0.642 Circumferential margin for rectal cancer 1.013 0.314 Negative 26 92 Positive 34 89 Extramural vascular invasion 9.648 0.002 Negative 43 88 Positive 17 93 T stage 2.255 0.133 T3 54 129 T4 16 62 N stage 0.239 0.625 N0 14 48 N1 46 133 PSV /(cm/s) 12.37±4.17 13.08±3.88 −1.206 0.229 Rate of change in PSV /(%) 20.25±5.43 13.11±4.51 10.079 <0.001 RI 0.77±0.14 0.75±0.12 1.072 0.285 Rate of change in RI /(%) 8.92±1.97 9.23±2.03 −1.033 0.303 CEUS-IG 0.266 0.606 Favorable 19 51 Unfavorable 41 130 CEUS-IG downgrade 8.852 0.003 No 16 88 Yes 44 93 NLR 3.59±1.19 5.51±1.79 −7.559 <0.001 PLR 198.27±48.17 152.04±39.18 7.463 <0.001 CEA /(ng/mL) 3.24±1.00 4.71±1.34 −9.003 <0.001 CA19-9 /(U/L) 8.19±2.03 7.96±1.97 0.778 0.437 CA125 /(U/mL) 15.13±3.92 14.87±3.19 0.516 0.606 表 2 LARC新辅助放化疗后病理完全缓解的多因素分析
Table 2 Multifactorial analysis of complete pathological response after neoadjuvant radiotherapy for LARC
Factor B SE Wald P OR OR 95%CI Low limit High limit Degree of differentiation −0.521 0.288 3.273 0.070 0.594 0.338 1.044 Pathological type −1.192 0.567 4.424 0.035 0.304 0.1 0.922 Treatment program 1.368 0.552 6.133 0.013 3.928 1.33 11.601 Distance of lower edge of lesion from anal verge −0.389 0.199 3.821 0.051 0.678 0.459 1.001 Rate of change in length and diameter 0.417 0.243 2.945 0.086 1.517 0.942 2.443 Extramural vascular invasion −2.135 0.584 13.371 <0.001 0.118 0.038 0.371 Rate of change in PSV 0.297 0.056 28.112 <0.001 1.346 1.206 1.502 CEUS-IG downgrade 0.442 0.275 2.583 0.108 1.556 0.908 2.667 NLR −0.577 0.163 12.501 <0.001 0.561 0.408 0.773 CEA −1.175 0.242 23.598 <0.001 0.309 0.192 0.496 Constant 1.467 1.478 0.985 0.321 4.338 -
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