介入呼吸病学——方兴未艾
李静
广东省人民医院呼吸内科、广东省医学科学院、广东省老年医学研究所, 广州 510080

作者简介:李静(1968-),女,广东南雄人,医学博士,主任医师,主要研究方向为介入呼吸病学。

摘要

关键词: 介入呼吸病学; 介入技术; 微创
中图分类号:R768.1;R563 文献标识码:A 收稿日期:2016-11-28
Interventional Pulmonology is Still Going On
LI Jing
Author’s address: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute,Guangzhou 510080,China
Abstract
Key words: interventional pulmonology; interventional technique; minimal invasive

介入呼吸病学领域近年非常活跃, 采用微创技术, 在传统呼吸内科学和外科学之间开辟了一个越来越宽广的领域, 在临床呼吸系统疾病的诊断和治疗中发挥了巨大的、不可替代的作用。

介入技术根据其路径不同可以区分为经内镜介入技术、经皮介入技术和经血管介入技术三大类, 针对不同疾病可采用的介入技术见表1

表1 主要介入呼吸病学技术

2015年中国癌症统计数据显示, 我国肺癌发病率和死亡率均高居第一[1]。除了国家层面要重视防控之外, 作为临床医生采取各种微创介入手段对肺癌早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗尤为重要。如表1所示, 呼吸介入技术种类繁多, 本文只做部分简要介绍。

经内镜介入主要包括支气管镜(可曲式、硬式)和内科胸腔镜, 除了常规的传统内镜检视和活检外, 越来越多的经内镜辅助工具和治疗器械应运而生, 有些已被淘汰, 有些日益得到广泛应用, 也有些等待进一步验证。

在诊断方面, 自体荧光支气管镜检查(autofluorescence fronchoscopy, AFB)和窄带成像技术(narrow band imaging, NBI)对早期气道黏膜癌变的发现有其独到之处。AFB对支气管上皮细胞的变化更敏感, 可以早期发现鳞癌, 但AFB几乎发现不了腺癌; 而NBI技术可以发现黏膜下血管的增生, 可以鉴别无血管的坏死区域和肿瘤活性生长区域, 可以早期发现非鳞癌病灶, 引导活检, 提高常规支气管镜检查的阳性率[2]

早期曾经有学者质问:气道内超声微探头(radial probe endobronchial ultrasonograph, RP-EBUS)是个工具还是个玩具?而如今, 国内外广泛的研究和应用证明了其价值, 一项Meta分析显示RP-EBUS 的诊断率为71.1%, 而电磁导航为67%[3]。支气管超声内镜(convex probe EBUS, CP-EBUS)是将凸面探头整合在支气管镜上, 实时引导经支气管针吸活检, 联合经食管穿刺活检(esophageal ultrasonography fine needle aspiration, EUS-FNA)诊断纵隔和肺门淋巴结, 敏感率为96%, 阴性预测价值为95%[4], 可以减少纵隔镜检查; 2010年欧洲心胸外科协会发布的术前非小细胞肺癌淋巴结分期指南已经将EBUS和超声内镜作为活检的首选方法, 取代纵隔镜活检[5]弹性评分在乳腺、甲状腺、前列腺、肝脏等器官中对良恶性病变的鉴别诊断都有非常高的敏感度和特异度[6, 7]。近期研究发现, 支气管超声内镜附带的弹性成像功能中, 弹性评分(elastography grading scores)和应变率(strain ratios)也能很好地区分良恶性淋巴结 (P = 0.000), 应变率鉴别恶性淋巴结的敏感度和特异度比弹性评分或EBUS的B型超声扫描及多普勒扫描更高[8, 9], 因此, 欧洲生物医学超声协会(European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, EFSUMB)的指南推荐内镜超声实时弹性评分引导可疑淋巴结活检, 或淋巴结内可疑部位活检[10]

对于一些离散型不靠近支气管壁也没有支气管直接相通的病灶, 常规的导航技术包括电磁导航、虚拟支气管镜导航以及超声微探头扫描往往不能到达病灶, Bronchus公司新研发的阿基米德导航系统(bronchoscopic transparenchymal nodule access, BTPNA)可以不依赖于支气管到达病灶, 联合导航路径、X线C臂定位, 经支气管壁穿刺, 在穿刺点球囊扩张后植入鞘管建立隧道, 对病灶进行活检, 2项动物实验和2项人体初步应用均证实这项技术安全有效[11, 12, 13, 14]

在治疗方面, 除了支架植入术、球囊扩张成型术、各种热消融或冷冻技术以外, 最具有重要意义的新技术包括治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病的经支气管肺减容术(活瓣[15]、合金圈[16- 17]、生物胶[18]、蒸汽[19]、旁路支架[20])、治疗重度哮喘患者的支气管热成型术[21]、经气管支气管瘘封堵术[22]等, 为这些治疗困难的患者大大缓解了痛苦, 部分患者显著延长生存期。

内科胸腔镜技术主要用于活检, 也包括一些简单的治疗, 如粘连带分离、胸膜固定术[23, 24]等。

经皮介入技术包括经皮肺穿刺活检、各种引流导管的放置、手术标记物放置等, 经皮施行的各种治疗技术(射频[25]、微波[26]、冷冻[27]、放射粒子植入[28])对于缓解晚期肿瘤患者的痛苦、对拒绝手术的早期肿瘤患者可以达到手术切除的效果而最大限度保留功能组织并减少手术创伤。

经血管介入技术中, 支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血避免了外科手术治疗, 挽救了无数患者的生命; 下腔静脉滤器植入对于来源于下腔静脉、反复发作的肺栓塞患者以及需要溶栓、取栓的患者起到一定的保护作用, 但是对于滤器放置的指征、时机、临时性还是永久性、何时取出, 一直有争议, 随着可回收滤器的改进, 相信这一技术的使用将越来越成熟。

介入技术由于其微创、收效显著、并发症少、性价比高等特点, 应用越来越广泛, 在惠及越来越多患者的同时, 也存在使用不规范、某些技术使用过滥、缺乏相应的规范化培训、缺乏基础研究(尤其是大型动物研究)、缺少拥有自主知识产权的产品、研发和转化能力严重滞后、临床研究除了少数临床试验以外缺乏多中心、大样本的临床随机对照研究等问题, 在今后的发展中应逐步改善, 逐步规范。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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