2020年胃肠恶性肿瘤临床研究进展
董秋美, 马冬
广东省人民医院肿瘤中心胃肠肿瘤内科、广东省医学科学院, 广州510080
通讯作者: 马冬,Tel:020-83827812; E-mail:dr_madong@163.com
作者简介:

董秋美(1973-),女,哈尔滨人,医学博士,副主任医师,主要研究方向为消化道恶性肿瘤的诊治。

关键词: 胃癌; 结直肠癌; 研究进展; 临床试验
中图分类号: R735.2; R735.3 文献标识码: A 收稿日期: 2020-12-23
2020 Clinical Research Advances in Gastrointestinal Cancer
DONG Qiu-mei, MA Dong
Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology,Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital,Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences,Guangzhou 510080,China
Key words: gastric cancer; colorectal cancer; research advance; clinical trial

2020年在胃癌治疗方面, 多个研究显示了胃癌围手术期治疗的价值, 胃癌免疫尤其一线治疗取得重大进展, 抗体偶联药物在人表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2)阳性晚期胃食管腺癌初见曙光。在结直肠癌方面, 研究最终仍支持3个月的CAPOX(卡培他滨、奥沙利铂)方案辅助化疗适用于大多数Ⅲ 期结肠癌患者; 微卫星高度不稳定性 (microsatellite instability-high, MSI-H)/错配修复缺陷(deficient mismatch repair, dMMR)型结直肠癌一线免疫治疗获突破性进展, 特殊分子亚型肠癌的靶向治疗也有新的突破。

1 胃癌围手术期治疗进展

在胃癌围手术期治疗, RAMSES/FLOT7研究[1]研究发现血管内皮细胞生长因子受体2(vascular endothelial growth factor 2, VEGFR2)抑制剂雷莫芦单抗(RAM)联合FLOT(多西他赛、奥沙利铂、亚叶酸钙、氟尿嘧啶)方案用于HER2阴性可切除胃、食管腺癌围手术期治疗可显著提高R0切除率(97% vs. 83%, P=0.004 9), 并且FLOT-RAM方案是相对安全的。PETRARCA研究[2]发现围手术期FLOT联合曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗双靶可提高HER2+可切除食管胃腺癌的病理完全缓解率(35% vs. 12%, P=0.02)及淋巴结阴性率(68% vs. 39%)。前期KDOG1001研究报道, DCS(多西他赛、顺铂、S-1)方案新辅助治疗高危晚期胃癌R0切除率达90%; 2020年报道了该研究[3]的长期结果:对于高危晚期胃癌, DCS围手术期治疗的3年总生存率达78%, 3年无进展生存率为63%。RESONANCE试验[4]结果显示, SOX(奥沙利铂、替吉奥)方案新辅助治疗组R0切除率明显高于辅助治疗组(73.1% vs. 58.1%), 67.6%的新辅助治疗组患者达到降期。2020年欧洲肿瘤内科学会(European Society for Medical Oncology, ESMO)报道的阿帕替尼联合FLOT方案[5]新辅助治疗联合根治性手术, R0切除率高达95.0%。这些研究显示围手术期治疗可显著提高胃癌的R0切除率和病理完全缓解率, 并带来生存获益。

2 胃癌免疫治疗进展

胃癌免疫治疗获得重大进展, CheckMate-649研究[6]证实了纳武利尤单抗联合化疗用于转移性胃癌、胃食管连接部癌或食管腺癌一线治疗, 在程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1)阳性患者中可显著提高总生存期(overall survival, OS)(14.4个月 vs. 11.1个月)和无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)(7.7个月 vs. 6.0个月)。ATTRACTION-4研究[7]评估纳武利尤单抗联合化疗[SOX或XELOX(奥沙利铂+卡培他滨)]对比化疗作为一线治疗胃和胃食管结合部癌的疗效和安全性, 与化疗组相比, 纳武利尤单抗联合化疗组显著改善PFS(10.94个月 vs. 8.41个月, P=0.000 5)和客观缓解率(objective response rate, ORR)(57.5% vs. 47.8%; P=0.008 8), 且安全性良好, 但OS无统计学显著改善。以上两个研究均为程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1, PD-1)抑制剂联合化疗, ORR和PFS均有获益, 而后者OS结果为阴性, 是否受后线治疗的影响或与联合的化疗药物相关?有待进一步探讨。尽管如此, 免疫治疗联合化疗或将改变一线治疗格局。在二线治疗, KEYNOTE-061研究[8]对比帕博利珠单抗与紫杉醇二线治疗晚期胃癌, 初次分析显示对PD-L1阳性[联合阳性评分(combined positive score, CPS≥ 1)]患者, 帕博利珠单抗未能显著延长OS, 今年美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO)会议报告了随访两年后的结果, 显示在PD-L1阳性患者中, 帕博利珠单抗组的OS为9.1个月, 显著高于紫杉醇的8.3个月(P=0.03), 同时该药物具有更加良好的安全性。胃癌三线免疫治疗的数据进一步更新, ATTRACTION-2研究[9]评估纳武利尤单抗用于不可切除、经治晚期或复发性胃癌(包括胃食管交界处癌)的疗效及安全性。该研究更新的数据显示, 相比安慰剂组, 纳武利尤单抗组显著降低38%的死亡风险, 中位OS从4.1个月延长至5.3个月, 优于安慰剂组。3年OS率为5.6%(安慰剂组为1.9%)。基于ATTRACTION-2研究数据, 纳武利尤单抗正式获得中国国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration, NMPA)批准用于治疗既往接受过两种或两种以上全身性治疗方案的晚期或复发性胃或胃食管连接部腺癌。

3 胃癌抗体偶联药物进展

抗体偶联药物DS-8201显著改善HER2阳性晚期胃食管癌的缓解率和生存期。DESTINY-Gastric01研究[10]评估了DS-8201(Trastuzumab deruxtecan)对HER2阳性晚期胃癌的疗效。结果显示DS-8201组和化疗组的ORR分别为40.5%和11.3%(P< 0.000 1), 中位OS分别为12.5个月和8.4个月(P< 0.01)。

4 结直肠癌辅助化疗进展

在结肠癌辅助化疗, IDEA研究[11]评估Ⅲ 期结肠癌术后奥沙利铂为基础的辅助化疗3个月疗程的疗效是否不劣于6个月疗程。今年公布了OS和5年无病生存率(disease free survival, DFS)结果, 总体人群的5年总生存率分别为82.4%(3个月)和82.8%(6个月)(P=0.058)。总体人群的5年DFS分别为69.1%(3个月)和70.8%(6个月)(P=0.22)。该研究结果仍支持将3个月的CAPOX辅助化疗用于大多数Ⅲ 期结肠癌。CALGB/SWOG 80702研究[12]评估FOLFOX(奥沙利铂、亚叶酸钙、氟尿嘧啶)化疗联合塞来昔布(一种COX-2抑制剂)对降低Ⅲ 期结肠癌复发风险的作用, 结果显示在标准FOLFOX化疗基础上联合塞来昔布未能显著改善Ⅲ 期结肠癌患者的DFS或OS。

5 结直肠癌免疫治疗进展

在肠癌免疫治疗方面, MSI-H/dMMR型转移性结直肠癌(metastatic colorectal cancer, mCRC)一线治疗获突破性进展, KEYNOTE-177研究[13]显示与化疗相比, 帕博利珠单抗一线免疫治疗给MSI-H型mCRC带来临床意义明显、且统计学上有显著差异的PFS改善, 中位PFS从8.2个月延长到16.5个月, 疾病进展或死亡风险显著降低了40%, 免疫治疗获得的治疗应答较单纯化疗更持久。CheckMate142研究[14]共纳入45例既往未接受过治疗的mCRC接受纳武利尤单抗 3 mg/kg q2w+低剂量伊匹木单抗1 mg/kg q6w, 直至疾病进展或停药。今年更新的结果显示, ORR为69%, 完全缓解率(complete response, CR)为13%。中位反应持续时间(duration of response, DOR)、中位PFS和OS未达到, 2年无进展生存率为74%, 2年总生存率为79%。较之前的数据ORR和CR都有提高, 纳武利尤单抗+低剂量伊匹木单抗显示出稳定、持久的临床获益, 耐受性良好。免疫单药或者双免联合方案或将成为MSI-H mCRC的新型一线标准治疗。对微卫星稳定型(microsatellite statbility, MSS)肠癌的免疫治疗进展缓慢, 2020年ASCO报道了针对MSS肠癌的三药组合[15]:帕博丽珠单抗+比美替尼(MEK抑制剂)+贝伐单抗, 该研究共入组了21例MSS型晚期结直肠癌, 所有患者都经过多线治疗, 平均治疗线数为6线。结果ORR 12%, 疾病控制率(disease control rate, DCR) 94%, 中位PFS 6.4个月, 94%的患者都达到了临床获益, 并且三药组合的不良反应可耐受。这个令人振奋的结果表明免疫+MEK抑制剂+VEGF抑制剂新组合在MSS型的肠癌中有较大潜力。MEDETREME试验[16]是一项单臂探索性试验, 计划纳入57名初治RAS突变的MSS型mCRC, 接受FOLFOX(6周期)联合度伐单抗和tremelimumab治疗, 在16名可评估患者的结果表明, 主要终点6个月无进展生存率为62.5%, 1年无进展生存率为50%, DCR为87.5%, ORR为62.5%, CR为25%, 且毒性可管理, 该研究证明了三联治疗的初步抗肿瘤活性。今年ASCO报道的REGOMUNE研究[17]采用和去年报道的REGONIVO研究相似的方案, 只是换了不同的免疫药物avelumab联合瑞戈非尼, 入组了48例MSS型晚期结直肠癌患者, 所有患者均接受过≥ 1线的系统治疗, 然而瑞戈非尼+avelumab的方案设计未能重复REGONIVO的结果, 在43例可评估的患者中, 只12例(28%)出现了肿瘤的轻微退缩, 而ORR为0%。

6 结直肠癌靶向治疗进展

肠癌的靶向治疗出现可喜的进展, DESTINY-CRC01研究[18]评估了抗体偶联药物他trastuzumab-deruxtecan(T-DXd; DS-8201)后线(≥ 3线)治疗HER2阳性/RAS野生型的mCRC的疗效和安全性。结果HER2+组ORR为45.3%, DCR为83.0%, 中位PFS为6.9个月, 中位OS尚未达到。研究结果表明DS-8201在标准治疗失败的HER2阳性的mCRC是一种新的治疗选择。针对KRAS突变的结直肠癌的两大新药, 疗效值得期待。AMG510是新型小分子KARS G12C抑制剂[19], 2020年公布了AMG510治疗mCRC的Ⅰ 期研究结果, 对于既往接受全身系统治疗的KRAS G12C突变的mCRC, AMG-510 (960 mg剂量组)ORR为12%, DCR达80%, 单药治疗耐受性良好, 且多数患者疾病可控。Onvansertib是一种口服高选择性丝氨酸/苏氨酸polo样激酶1(PLK1)抑制剂, PLK1抑制是KRAS突变mCRC的一个潜在靶点。Onvansertib二线治疗KRAS突变mCRC的一项Ⅰ b/Ⅱ 期研究显示[20], ORR为44.4%(4/9), 4例部分缓解(partial response, PR), 4例疾病稳定(stable disease, SD), DCR为89%(8/9)。Onvansertib (PCM-075)也于今年5月获得美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)快速通道认定, 批准用于KRAS突变的mCRC的二线治疗。针对BRAF V600E突变的BEACON研究[21]更新结果, 该研究比较encorafenib(ENCO)+binimetinib(BINI)+西妥昔单抗(CETUX)三药联合方案和ENCO+CETUX二药联合方案、与对照组(伊立替康+CETUX或FOLFIRI+CETUX方案), 应用于BRAF V600E基因突变的mCRC后线治疗的疗效和安全性。今年的研究数据更新显示ENCO/BINI/CETUX vs. ENCO/CETUX vs. 对照组的主要终点, 中位OS为9.3个月 vs. 9.3个月 vs. 5.9个月, ORR为27% vs. 20% vs. 2%, CR为4% vs. 3% vs. 0%。次要终点中位PFS为4.5个月 vs. 4.3个月 vs. 1.5个月。二联疗法和三联疗法的OS、ORR、PFS较标准疗法明显提高, 且耐受性良好。基于该项研究, encorafenib联合西妥昔单抗已被FDA批准用于既往接受过治疗的BRAF V600E突变型mCRC。

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