低温等离子射频消融术与传统外科切除术治疗早期喉癌的比较研究
赵龙珠, 梁九思, 孙悍军
解放军总医院第三医学中心耳鼻咽喉头颈外科, 北京 100039
通讯作者: 孙悍军, Tel:010-57976703, E-mail:hanjun13611163996@126.com
作者简介:

赵龙珠(1983-),男,河北张家口人,主治医师,医学学士,主要研究方向为耳鼻咽喉头颈外科临床。

摘要

目的 探讨低温等离子射频消融术对早期喉癌患者复发及并发症的影响。方法 回顾性选取2014年8月至2019年8月解放军总医院早期喉癌患者80例,依据1∶1对照原则分为离子组( n=40)和切开组( n=40),离子组给予低温等离子射频消融术,切开组给予喉部切开术,比较两组围术期、嗓音功能[最长发音时间(maximum pronunciation time,MPT)、声压级(sound pressure level,SPL)、基频(fundamental frequency,F0)、F0微扰(F0 perturbation,Jitter)]、并发症及复发情况。结果 离子组术中出血量、黏膜恢复评分和手术、住院时间低于切开组,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05);离子组MPT、SPL高于切开组,离子组F0、Jitter低于切开组,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05);离子组并发症率低于切开组,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05);离子组和切开组1年复发率、无进展生存率、总生存率基本相同( P>0.05)。结论 低温等离子射频消融术治疗早期喉癌具有操作简单、创伤小、并发症少、恢复快等优点,且不会增加复发及死亡风险,值得临床推广。

关键词: 低温等离子射频消融术; 早期喉癌; 复发; 并发症
中图分类号:R739.65 文献标识码:A 收稿日期: 2020-10-19
Comparative Study of Low Temperature Plasma Radiofrequency Ablation and Traditional Surgical Resection for Early Laryngeal Carcinoma
ZHAO Long-zhu, LIANG Jiu-si, SUN Han-jun
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 3rd Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
Abstract

Objective To discuss the effect of low temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation on the recurrence and complication of patients with early laryngeal cancer. Methods A retrospective study of 80 patients with early laryngeal cancer in Chinese PLA General Hospital from August 2014 to August 2019 were selected, and they were divided into the ion group ( n=40) and incision group ( n=40) according to the 1∶1 control principle. The ion group was given low-temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation, and the incision group was given laryngectomy, the perioperative conditions, voice function [maximum pronunciation time (MPT), sound pressure level (SPL), fundamental frequency (F0), F0 perturbation (Jitter)], complications and recurrence were compared between the two groups. Results The intraoperative blood loss, mucosal recovery score, operation and hospitalization time in the ion group were lower than those in the incision group, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The MPT and SPL in the ion group were higher than those in the incision group, the F0 and Jitter in the ion group were lower than those in the incision group, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The complication rate in the ion group was lower than that in the incision group, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The one-year recurrence rate, progression-free survival rate and overall survival rate in the ion group and incision group was basically the same ( P>0.05). Conclusions The low temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of early laryngeal cancer had the advantages of simple operation, small trauma, fewer complications and rapid recovery, and it did not increase the risk of recurrence and death, it was worthy for further clinical promotion.

Key words: low temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation; early laryngeal cancer; recurrence; complication

喉癌是常见的头颈部肿瘤, 男性多于女性, 约占全身恶性肿瘤的7%, 其早期症状不明显, 可有或无发音、呼吸受碍等, 若未及时治疗, 中晚期常可致死[1]。而喉部切开术是早期喉癌的传统术式, 其疗效已被认可, 但存在手术创伤大、并发症多等不足, 故在保证疗效下减少手术并发症是人们关注的热点[2]。而低温等离子射频消融术是一种新型微创术式, 具有精度高、创伤小等特点, 已逐渐被应用于咽喉部手术中, 但关于其在早期喉癌中的应用效果尚存在争议[3]。对此, 本研究对早期喉癌患者实施低温等离子射频消融术, 探讨其对患者复发及并发症的影响, 以提供参考, 现报道如下。

1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料

回顾性选取2014年8月至2019年8月解放军总医院早期喉癌患者80例, 依据1∶ 1对照原则分为离子组(n=40)和切开组(n=40); 纳入标准:①经纤维喉镜检查及活检为早期声门型喉癌且为鳞状细胞癌, ②侵及前联合但无未侵及甲状软骨板、声门旁间隙, ③年龄> 18岁、无精神病病史, ④签署知情同意书; 排除标准:①有淋巴结或远处转移, ②有心、肝、肾等严重病, ③术前有放疗、化疗等其他抗肿瘤治疗史, ④合并肺、胃、肠等其他肿瘤; 离子组和切开组一般资料基本相同(P> 0.05), 见表1

表1 两组一般资料比较 Tab.1 Comparison of general data between the two groups
1.2 方法

离子组和切开组均接受同一组医务人员实施的手术治疗, ①术前准备, 取仰卧位、消毒铺巾、全麻、气管插管、监测生命体征等。②手术治疗, 切开组给予喉部切开术, 即于颈前正中作一纵切口, 钝性分离皮下组织, 注意保护甲状腺下切开环甲膜、游离患侧甲状软骨膜、垂直锯开甲状软骨板以暴露病灶, 安全切缘> 5 mm下切除下声带肌、声带带癌病灶, 行快速冰冻病理检查并确保切缘冰冻病理检查阴性后, 固定及修复创面, 术毕; 离子组给予低温等离子射频消融术, 经口置入带30° 镜的8590J型支撑喉镜(德国Karl Storz公司)并结合喉咽部暴露难易程度调整显露喉咽部病灶, 以纤维喉钳提起肿瘤, 借助高频手术治疗仪(西安外科), 设置消融功率为8W、止血功率为4W, 安全切缘> 5 mm下于基底外侧充分切除下声带肌、声带带癌病灶, 切缘冰冻病理检查阴性后, 固定及修复创面, 术毕。③术后处理, 两组均常规止血、留置引流、关闭切口、预防感染等处理。

1.3 指标观察

比较两组围术期、嗓音功能、并发症及复发情况。①围术期情况, 记录术中出血量、黏膜恢复评分和手术、住院时间等, 其中黏膜恢复评分标准[4]为, 术后1个月喉镜复查(1次/周)示, 1周内黏膜恢复(创面黏膜平滑、伪膜脱落)为1分, 2周内恢复为2分, 3周内恢复为3分, 4周内恢复为4分, 4周后恢复为5分, 评分越高则黏膜恢复越差[4]; ②嗓音功能, 术后1个月以德国XION嗓音声学分析软件评估最长发音时间(maximum pronunciation time, MPT)、声压级(sound pressure level, SPL)、基频(fundamental frequency, F0)、F0微扰(F0 perturbation, Jitter)等[5]; ③并发症, 记录呼吸道感染、咽瘘、前联合粘连、吞咽障碍等; ④复发, 以电话、复诊等方式于术后第1、3、6、12个月随访, 复查CT、MRI或喉镜、病理检查等确认并记录复发、生存情况。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0软件, 计数资料采用χ 2检验, 计量资料以(x ± s)表示, 符合正态分布的采用t检验, P< 0.05为有统计学差异。

2 结果
2.1 两组围术期情况比较

离子组术中出血量、黏膜恢复评分和手术、住院时间低于切开组, 差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05), 见表2和图1、2。

表2 两组围术期情况比较 Tab.2 Comparison of perioperative conditions between the two groups

图1 接受喉部切开术患者示例
注:患者, 男, 54岁, A为术前喉镜, 示病变侵及声带、前联合; B为术后3个月喉镜, 示创面见伪膜覆盖; C为术后6个月喉镜, 示创面肉芽增生良好
Fig.1 Example of patient underwent laryngotomy
Note: Patient, male, 54 years old, A was preoperative laryngoscopy, which showed lesions invading vocal cords and anterior union; B was laryngoscopy 3 months after surgery, showed pseudomembrane coverage on the wound surface; C was laryngoscopy 6 months after the operation, indicated good proliferation of granulation on the wound surface

图2 接受低温等离子射频消融术患者示例
注:男性患者, 56岁, A为术前喉镜, 示病变侵及声带、前联合; B为术后3个月喉镜, 示创面见伪膜覆盖、肉芽增生良好; C为术后6个月喉镜, 示创面新生组织覆盖、表面光滑
Fig.2 Example of patient underwent cryogenic plasma radiofrequency ablation
Note: Patient, male, 56 years old, A was preoperative laryngoscopy, which showed lesions invading vocal cords and anterior union; B was laryngoscopy 3 months after surgery, which showed pseudomembrane coverage and good granulation on the wound surface; C was laryngoscopy 6 months after surgery, which showed that the wound surface was covered with new tissue and smooth

2.2 两组嗓音功能比较

离子组MPT、SPL高于切开组, 离子组F0、Jitter低于切开组, 差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05), 见表3

表3 两组嗓音功能比较 Tab.3 Comparison of general data between the two groups
2.3 两组并发症比较

离子组并发症率低于切开组, 差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05), 见表4

表4 两组并发症比较 Tab.4 Comparison of general data between the two groups (n/%)
2.4 两组复发及生存情况比较

术后随访12个月, CT、MRI或喉镜、病理检查等结果显示, 离子组共有5例复发, 其中3例为声门上型、2例为声门下型; 切开组共有4例复发, 其中3例为声门上型、1例为声门下型; 离子组切开组和1年复发率、无进展生存率、总生存率基本相同(P> 0.05), 见表5

表5 两组复发及生存情况比较 Tab.5 Comparison of general data between the two groups (n/%)
3 讨论
3.1 早期喉癌手术治疗的情况分析

喉癌以声门型较为常见, 临床分期Tis、T1和T2期为早期, 其尚未侵及软骨、肌肉及无淋巴结或远处转移, 经治疗后往往可获良好预后[6, 7]。而外科手术是早期喉癌的主要疗法, 其中喉部切开术是常用术式, 但其需大范围切开喉部, 手术创伤大, 易损害吞咽及发声等喉部功能, 甚至引起相关并发症, 不利于患者恢复[8, 9]

3.2 低温等离子射频消融术对早期喉癌患者手术效果的分析

有研究报道, 低温等离子射频消融术是一种操作简单、创伤小、并发症少的新术式, 可借助低温等离子射频产生局部温热效应而使靶组织分子键断裂而分解, 从而产生消融的效果[10, 11]。据相关研究显示, 低温等离子射频消融术已逐渐应用于耳鼻喉头颈外科中, 不仅疗效好, 且可减少并发症, 利于患者术后恢复, 但其在早期喉癌中的应用报道尚较少[12, 13]

本研究对早期喉癌患者实施低温等离子射频消融术, 发现离子组术中出血量、黏膜恢复评分、F0、Jitter、并发症率和手术、住院时间低于切开组, 离子组MPT、SPL高于切开组, 表明该术式能减少患者手术创伤及并发症, 利于患者术后恢复, 此与既往研究报道[3, 4]显示低温等离子射频消融术具有创伤小、并发症少的优势的结论相似。这可能由于传统喉部切开术大范围切开喉部, 如切开环甲膜、游离患侧甲状软骨膜、垂直锯开甲状软骨板等, 严重损伤了喉部黏膜、声门等组织, 不仅损伤了嗓音功能, 还导致了呼吸道感染、咽瘘、前联合粘连、吞咽障碍等发生, 不利于患者术后恢复, 延长了住院时间。而本研究低温等离子射频消融术中, 其产生的局部温热效应可精确地局部作用于早期喉癌患者癌灶, 避免了大范围切开喉部, 有利于保护喉部黏膜、声门等组织而减少了嗓音功能损伤, 且其还具有消炎镇痛的作用, 有利于进一步减少手术创伤, 有效减少了术中出血量和手术时间, 降低了呼吸道感染、咽瘘、前联合粘连、吞咽障碍等发生风险, 利于促进患者恢复, 缩短了住院时间。

3.3 低温等离子射频消融术对早期喉癌患者复发的影响分析

此外, 本研究还发现离子组和切开组复发率、无进展生存率、总生存率基本相同, 表明低温等离子射频消融术治疗早期喉癌的疗效好, 不会增加复发及死亡风险。究其原因为本研究术中借助了带30° 镜的支撑喉镜, 也能灵活、清晰地观察早期喉癌患者癌灶病变情况[14, 15], 且低温等离子射频消融术野可产生良好的切割消融效果, 也能对癌灶病变组织进行切除, 加之术中注意经冰冻病理检查安全切缘, 故能有效切除癌灶病变组织, 从而达到良好疗效, 故不会显著增加患者复发及死亡的风险。

综上所述, 低温等离子射频消融术治疗早期喉癌具有操作简单、创伤小、并发症少、恢复快等优点, 且不会增加复发及死亡风险, 值得临床推广。而本研究也有不足之处, 如为单中心、小样本研究, 且随访时间尚短, 还有待更深入、更大样本的研究。

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