EGFR非第18-21四个外显子突变晚期非小细胞肺癌对不同治疗的反应
卢红莲1,2, 刘思阳3, 周嘉莹4, 揭光灵1,2, 吴一龙2,1
1.华南理工大学医学院,广州 510006
2.广东省人民医院、广东省医学科学院、广东省肺癌研究所, 广州 510080
3.暨南大学附属第一医院血液科, 暨南大学医学院血液学研究所, 暨南大学教育部再生医学重点实验室, 广州 510632
4.广东省人民医院全科医学科、广东省医学科学院, 广州 510080
通讯作者: 吴一龙, Tel:020-83882222, E-mail:syylwu@live.cn
作者简介:

卢红莲(1995-),女,四川华蓥人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为EGFR突变非小细胞肺癌。

摘要

目的 分析表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)非第18-21四个外显子(exons-18-21,Ex18-21)突变晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者对靶向治疗、免疫治疗、化疗的疗效。方法 回顾性收集2016-2020年广东省肺癌研究所二代测序(next generation sequencing,NGS)数据库NGS检测出 EGFR非Ex18-21单突变肺癌患者35例, EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变肺癌患者65例,2016-2019年广东省肺癌研究所检测出 EGFR Ex18-21突变肺癌患者567例。同时收集3组患者的临床病理及治疗数据,分析3组患者的临床病理特征及 EGFR非Ex18-21突变肺癌对不同药物的治疗疗效。结果 EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组患者与 EGFR Ex18-21组患者在年龄、性别、吸烟史、病理类型、TNM分期上均无统计学差异,而与 EGFR非Ex18-21单突变组患者在性别( P<0.001)、吸烟史( P<0.001)、病理类型( P<0.001)分布上有显著差异。 EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组中接受第一代或第二代EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKI)患者( n=26)的中位无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)为9.4个月,在倾向性评分匹配(propensity score matching,PSM)前后,都与 EGFR Ex18-21组的中位PFS无显著差异(PSM前: P=0.76;PSM后: P=0.76)。接受第三代EGFR-TKI( n=23)患者的中位PFS为9.5个月,在PSM前后,都与 EGFR Ex18-21组的中位PFS无显著差异(PSM前: P=0.23;PSM后: P=0.19)。 EGFR非Ex18-21单突变组中,接受免疫治疗患者的中位PFS为4.2个月,接受化疗患者的中位PFS为5.4个月。结论 在NGS检出突变后, EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变患者仍能从EGFR-TKI治疗中获益, EGFR非Ex18-21单突变患者接受免疫治疗和化疗的疗效与 EGFR野生型患者的疗效相似,未来需要探索EGFR-TKI在 EGFR非Ex18-21突变晚期NSCLC患者中的疗效。

关键词: 非小细胞肺癌; EGFR; 非第18-21四个外显子突变; 靶向治疗
中图分类号:R734.2 文献标识码:A 收稿日期: 2022-04-30
The Response of EGFRNon-Exons-18-21-Mutated Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer to Different Treatments
LU Hong-lian1,2, LIU Si-yang3, ZHOU Jia-ying4, JIE Guang-ling1,2, WU Yi-long2,1
1. School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
2. Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
3. Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Ji’nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
4. Department of General Practice, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
Abstract

Objective To analyze the response of epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) non-exons-18-21-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Methods This study collected the clinical data of 35 patients with EGFR non-exons-18-21 pure mutation and 65 patients with EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation in the next generation sequencing (NGS) database of Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute (GLCI) from 2016 to 2020, and collected the clinical data of 567 patients with EGFR exons-18-21 mutation in GLCI from 2016 to 2019. Clinicopathological characteristics of the three groups were compared, and the response of patients with EGFR non-exons-18-21 mutations to different treatments were analyzed. Results The clinicopathological characteristics of the EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation group were consistent with those of the EGFR exons-18-21 mutation group, but showed significant differences in gender ( P<0.001), smoking history ( P<0.001), and pathological type ( P<0.001) compared with those of the EGFR non-exons-18-21 pure mutation group. In the EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation group, the progression-free survival (PFS) of patients receiving first- or second-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) ( n=26) was 9.4 months, which was no significant difference from that of patients with EGFR exons-18-21 mutation with or without propensity score matching (PSM) (before PSM: P=0.76; after PSM: P=0.76). And the PFS of patients receiving third-generation EGFR-TKIs ( n=23) was 9.5 months, which was also no significant difference from that of patients with EGFR exons-18-21 mutation with or without PSM (before PSM: P=0.23; after PSM: P=0.19). In EGFR non-exons-18-21 pure mutation group, the PFS of patients receiving immunotherapy and chemotherapy were 4.2 months and 5.4 months, respectively. Conclusions After NGS detected EGFR non-exons-18-21 mutation, patients with EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutations could also benefit from first- to third-generation EGFR-TKIs. And the response of immunotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with EGFR non-exons-18-21 pure mutations were similar to that of EGFR wild-type NSCLC. In the future, we need to explore the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in EGFR non-exons-18-21 pure mutated NSCLC.

Key words: non-small cell lung cancer; EGFR; non-exons-18-21 mutations; targeted therapy
背景

肺癌是全世界死亡率最高、发病率第二的癌症[1]。非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)约占原发性肺癌的80%~85%[2]。表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)基因是NSCLC最重要的驱动基因之一, EGFR突变主要集中于酪氨酸激酶域(tyrosine kinase domain, TKD), 尤其是第18-21四个外显子(exons-18-21, Ex18-21)。其中, EGFR第19外显子缺失(19 del)及第21外显子L858R突变是最常见的突变类型, 占85%~90%[3]EGFR 第18外显子G719X, 第20外显子插入突变, 第21外显子L861Q等罕见突变约占10%[4, 5, 6]。第一代至第三代EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKI)显著延长了EGFR经典突变晚期NSCLC的无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)[5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12], 第二代EGFR-TKI阿法替尼在治疗EGFR罕见突变晚期NSCLC也显示出显著的疗效[4, 13], 目前EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者的5年生存率高达40%[14]

随着二代测序(next generation sequencing, NGS)的广泛应用, EGFR非Ex18-21突变也常被检测出来。但这类突变发生率低, 目前对携带EGFR非Ex18-21突变NSCLC的临床病理特征及对不同药物的反应都尚不明确。

为分析EGFR非Ex18-21突变晚期NSCLC对不同治疗的反应, 我们回顾性收集广东省肺癌研究所EGFR非Ex18-21突变肺癌患者100例及EGFR Ex18-21突变患者567例。同时收集患者的临床病理特征及治疗数据, 并进行文献回顾。

1 方法
1.1 研究人群及临床资料收集

回顾性收集2016-2020年广东省肺癌研究所NGS数据库中检测出EGFR非Ex18-21突变肺癌患者的临床数据, 和2016-2019年广东省肺癌研究所检测出EGFR Ex18-21突变肺癌患者的临床数据, 包括性别、出生日期、吸烟史、首次病理确诊肺癌时间、病理类型、TNM分期、转移部位、治疗过程等。

1.2 数据整理

病理类型按照2021年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)发布的第5版胸部肿瘤组织学分为腺癌、鳞癌、其他类型。疗效评估依据实体瘤疗效评估标准(Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, RECIST)1.1版本, 完全缓解(complete response, CR)为靶病灶全部消失, 部分缓解(partial response, PR)为靶病灶直径之和缩小30%, 疾病稳定(stable disease, SD)为靶病灶直径之和缩小少于30%, 增大不超过20%, 疾病进展(progressive disease, PD)为靶病灶直径之和增大20%。PFS为开始用药至疾病进展的时间。

1.3 统计学分析

两组间连续变量比较采用t检验, 分类变量比较采用卡方检验或Fisher确切法检验。采用Kaplan-Meier方法和log-rank检验分析生存曲线, 为了增加可比性, 采用倾向性评分匹配(propensity score matching, PSM)平衡两组间差异, 匹配项目为年龄(≥ 65岁, < 65岁)、性别、吸烟史、病理类型、分期、治疗线数(1线, 2线, ≥ 3线), 匹配比率为1∶ 3, 匹配方法为最邻近匹配(即以倾向得分为依据, 在EGFR Ex18-21突变组样本中向前或向后寻找最接近EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组样本得分的对象, 并形成配对), R语言基于Matching包进行PSM。使用R Studio软件及SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析, P< 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果
2.1 EGFR非Ex18-21突变NSCLC与EGFREx18-21突变NSCLC的临床病理特征

2016年2月至2020年11月广东省肺癌研究所总共有100例肺癌患者进行NGS后检测出EGFR非Ex18-21突变, 其中65例患者为EGFR Ex18-21合并EGFR非Ex18-21突变(EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变), 35例患者仅携带EGFR非Ex18-21突变(EGFR非Ex18-21单突变)。另外, 567例患者的基因检测提示EGFR Ex18-21突变。

EGFR非Ex18-21单突变组中, 88.6%为男性, 71.4%有吸烟史, 62.9%病理类型为腺癌, 22.9%为鳞癌。EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组中, 63.1%为女性, 69.2%无吸烟史, 98.5%病理类型为腺癌。EGFR Ex18-21突变组中, 51.4%为女性, 79.4%无吸烟史, 96.8%病理类型为腺癌, 见表1

表1 EGFR非Ex18-21突变患者及EGFREx18-21突变患者的临床病理特征 Tab.1 The clinicopathological characteristics of patients with EGFR non-exons-18-21 mutations and exons-18-21 mutations [n(%)]

对三组患者的临床病理特征进行统计分析, EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组与EGFR Ex18-21组患者在年龄、性别、吸烟史、病理类型、TNM分期上均无统计学差异。而EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组与EGFR非Ex18-21单突变组患者在性别(P< 0.001)、吸烟史(P< 0.001)、病理类型(P< 0.001)分布上具有显著差异, 见图1。

图1 三组患者临床病理特征对比
注:A. 年龄; B. 性别; C. 吸烟史; D. 病理类型; E. TNM分期。队列1: EGFR非Ex18-21单突变组; 队列 2:EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组; 队列3:EGFREx18-21突变组; ※: t检验; ▲:Fisher确切概率法; ❋:卡方检验
Fig.1 Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics of three groups
Note: A. Age; B. Gender; C. Smoking history; D. Pathological type; E. TNM stage. Cohort 1: EGFRnon-exons-18-21 pure mutation group; Cohort 2: EGFRnon-exons-18-21 compound mutation group; Cohort 3: EGFRexons-18-21 mutation group; ※: t test; ▲: Fisher’ s exact test; ❋: Chi-square

2.2 EGFR-TKI在EGFR非Ex18-21突变NSCLC的疗效

剔除无效数据后(治疗数据缺失, 如开始用药时间、进展时间、是否进展等资料不详), EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组有24例患者接受了第一代或第二代EGFR-TKI单药治疗, 总共26条靶向治疗数据(22例患者接受1次, 2例患者接受2次)。22例患者接受了第三代EGFR-TKI单药治疗, 总共23条治疗数据(21例患者接受1次靶向治疗, 1例患者接受2次靶向治疗)。

EGFR Ex18-21突变组有324例患者接受了第一代或第二代EGFR-TKI单药治疗, 总共352条靶向治疗数据(300例患者仅接受1次靶向治疗, 20例患者接受了2次靶向治疗, 4例患者接受了3次靶向治疗)。136例患者接受了第三代EGFR-TKI单药治疗, 总共143条靶向治疗数据(129例患者接受了1次靶向治疗, 7例患者接受了2次靶向治疗)。

EGFR Ex18-21突变组与EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组接受第一代至第三代EGFR-TKI具体药物情况见图2。

图2 EGFR Ex18-21突变组与EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组靶向治疗药物的比例Fig.2 The proportion of targeted drugs in EGFR exons-18-21 mutation group and EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation group

2.2.1 第一代或第二代EGFR-TKI对EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变NSCLC的疗效分析

在PSM前, EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组(n=26)患者的中位PFS为9.4个月, EGFR Ex18-21组(n=352)为9.9个月, 两组中位PFS无统计学差异, P=0.76, 风险比(hazard ratio, HR)[95%可信区间(confidence interval, CI)]0.93(0.61~1.43), 见图3A。

图3 第一代或第二代EGFR-TKI在EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变患者及EGFR Ex18-21突变患者的生存分析
注:A. PSM前EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组(n=26)与EGFR Ex18-21组(n=352)患者的PFS生存曲线; B. PSM后EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组(n=26)与EGFREx18-21组(n=78)患者的PFS生存曲线
Fig.3 The PFS of first- or second-generation EGFR-TKI in EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation patients and EGFRexons-18-21 mutation patients
Note: A. PFS of patients in EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation group (n=26) and EGFR exons-18-21 mutation group (n=352) before PSM; B. PFS of patients in EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation group (n=26) and EGFR exons-18-21 mutation group (n=78) after PSM

将年龄、性别、吸烟史、病理类型、TNM分期、治疗线数按照1∶ 3 PSM后, EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组(n=26)患者的中位PFS为9.4个月, EGFR Ex18-21组(n=78)为11.6个月, 两组中位PFS无统计学差异, P=0.76, HR(95%CI)1.08(0.66~1.76), 见图3B。两组患者接受第一代或第二代EGFR-TKI治疗的具体疗效见表2

表2 第一代或第二代EGFR-TKI在EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变及EGFR Ex18-21突变患者的疗效 Tab.2 The response of first- or second-generation EGFR-TKIs in patients withEGFRnon-exons-18-21 compound mutation and EGFR exons-18-21 mutation [n(%)]

2.2.2 第三代EGFR-TKI对EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变NSCLC的疗效分析

在PSM前, EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组(n=23)患者的中位PFS为9.5个月, EGFR Ex18-21组(n=143)为8.2个月, 两组中位PFS无统计学差异, P=0.23, HR(95%CI)0.69(0.41~1.17), 见图4A。

图4 第三代EGFR-TKIs在EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变患者及EGFR Ex18-21突变患者的生存分析
注:A. PSM前EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组(n=23)与EGFR Ex18-21组(n=143)患者的PFS生存曲线; B. PSM后EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组(n=23)与EGFR Ex18-21组(n=69)患者的PFS生存曲线
Fig.4 The PFS of third-generation EGFR-TKI in EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation patients and EGFRexons-18-21 mutation patients
Note: A. PFS of patients in EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation group (n=23) and EGFRexons-18-21 mutation group (n=143) before PSM; B. PFS of patients in EGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation group (n=23) and EGFR exons-18-21 mutation group (n=69) after PSM

将年龄、性别、吸烟史、病理类型、TNM分期、治疗线数按照1∶ 3 PSM后, EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变组(n=23)患者的中位PFS为9.5个月, EGFR Ex18-21组患者(n=69)为7.8个月, 两组的中位PFS无统计学差异, P=0.19, HR(95%CI)0.65(0.38~1.14), 见图4B。两组患者接受第三代EGFR-TKI治疗的具体疗效见表3

表3 第三代EGFR-TKI在EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变及EGFR Ex18-21突变患者的疗效 Tab.3 The response of third-generation EGFR-TKI in patients withEGFR non-exons-18-21 compound mutation and EGFR exons-18-21 mutation [n(%)]
2.3 免疫治疗和化疗在EGFR非Ex18-21单突变NSCLC的疗效

在NGS检测出EGFR非Ex18-21单突变后, 35例患者中有21例患者接受了药物治疗。8例患者仅接受过免疫治疗(免疫单药或免疫联合化疗等), 6例患者相继接受过化疗(其中1例患者接受过两线化疗)和免疫治疗(免疫单药或免疫联合化疗等), 6例患者仅接受过化疗, 1例患者仅接受过抗血管单药治疗, 总共有28条治疗数据。

根据患者治疗情况, 将接受过免疫治疗的患者归为免疫治疗组(n=14), 接受过化疗的患者归为化疗组(n=13), 两组患者存在交叉。

两组患者在年龄、性别、吸烟史、病理类型(NGS检测出EGFR非Ex18-21突变后)、TNM分期(NGS检测出EGFR非Ex18-21突变后)、程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体-1(programmed cell death-ligand 1, PD-L1)表达率、治疗线数上都无统计学差异, 见表4

表4 EGFR非Ex18-21单突变组接受免疫治疗和化疗患者的临床病理特征 Tab.4 The clinicopathological characteristics of patients receiving immunotherapy and chemotherapy inEGFR non-exons-18-21 pure mutation group [n(%)]

EGFR非Ex18-21单突变患者中, 免疫治疗组的中位PFS为4.2个月, 化疗组的中位PFS为5.4个月(图5)。化疗组和免疫治疗组患者的最佳疗效, PD-L1表达等详细数据见图6。

图5 免疫治疗和化疗在EGFR非Ex18-21单突变患者的生存分析Fig.5 PFS of patients receiving immunotherapy and chemotherapy in EGFR non-exons-18-21 pure mutation group

图6 EGFR非Ex18-21单突变组患者化疗和免疫治疗疗效及临床特征Fig.6 The response and clinicopathology characteristics of patients receiving immunotherapy and chemotherapy in EGFR non-exons-18-21 pure mutation group

3 讨论

第一代至第三代EGFR-TKI已成为EGFR经典突变NSCLC的标准一线治疗药物, 阿法替尼也已批准用于EGFR罕见突变NSCLC的一线治疗。然而目前关于EGFR非Ex18-21突变NSCLC的治疗数据十分有限, 相关病例报道见表5

表5 EGFR非Ex18-21突变NSCLC患者病例报道 Tab.5 Summary of case reports ofEGFR non-exons-18-21-mutated NSCLC

一篇文章报道了一例NGS检测出EGFR T263P/C719S复合突变的NSCLC, 患者接受厄洛替尼治疗后, 疗效评估为SD, PFS只有3.9个月。但细胞实验结果显示, 阿法替尼能抑制携带EGFR T263P/C719S突变的Ba/F3细胞的生长, 表明这种复合突变对阿法替尼敏感[15]。另一文章报道了一例携带EGFR R670W/H835L/L833V复合突变的NSCLC患者, 阿法替尼为三线治疗, PFS超过7个月[16]EGFR C719S、H835L、L833V都为EGFR罕见突变, 既往研究表明能从阿法替尼治疗中获益[4, 17]。2017年日本学者的研究[18]中发现, 携带R108K/A216T/A289T/V292L/S306L复合L858R或19del突变的细胞对吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、阿法替尼、奥希替尼敏感, A1118T复合19del突变对阿法替尼敏感。

本研究的结果表明, 在NGS检测出EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变后, 患者接受第一代或第二代以及第三代EGFR-TKI的疗效与EGFR Ex18-21突变患者无显著差异。接受第一代或第二代EGFR-TKI治疗的EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变患者中位PFS为9.6个月, 这也与既往临床试验报道的第一代或第二代EGFR-TKI的PFS数据相似[5, 7, 8, 9, 11]。这一结果的原因是EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变由于同时存在EGFR Ex18-21突变(绝大部分为L858R和EGFR 19del), 能使EGFR在缺失配体的情况下, 形成同源或异源二聚体, 激活TKD并发生自身磷酸化, 导致下游通路的激活, 引起肿瘤细胞的生长、增殖、分化、转移[19]。而第一代EGFR-TKI能与ATP竞争性结合EGFR的ATP结合位点, 第二代和三代EGFR-TKI与ATP结合袋边缘的797位点的半胱氨酸残基共价结合, 能抑制EGFR TKD的活化及CT区域的自身磷酸化, 阻碍下游信号通路, 达到抗肿瘤的目的[22, 24, 26]

在靶向药物和免疫药物出现之前, 铂类为基础的化疗是肺癌的标准治疗, 晚期NSCLC患者的中位PFS大约4~6个月[20, 21, 22, 23]。本研究中, 接受化疗的EGFR非Ex18-21单突变患者中位PFS为5.2个月, 这一结果与既往研究结果相似。免疫检查点抑制剂问世后, 程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1, PD-1)、PD-L1抑制剂相关的临床试验层出不穷, 致力于探索出精准的获益人群。CheckMate-017和CheckMate-057是两项针对一线化疗失败后, 探索纳武利尤单抗在晚期肺鳞癌和腺癌疗效的研究。接受免疫治疗的患者无PD-L1表达率的限制, 两个临床试验结果显示纳武利尤单抗在肺鳞癌和肺腺癌的中位PFS分别为3.5个月、2.3个月[24, 25]。KEYNOTE-189是一项探索帕博利珠单抗联合培美曲塞+铂类对比培美曲塞+铂类在一线非鳞状NSCLC的疗效的研究, 结果显示免疫联合化疗显著延长了患者的生存, 而培美曲塞联合铂类PFS仅4.9个月[26]。在本研究中, 接受免疫治疗的EGFR非Ex18-21单突变患者PD-L1表达情况不一, 且免疫治疗多为一、二线治疗, 中位PFS为4.2个月, 与这些研究结果相似。

根据NCCN指南, 由于EGFR Ex18-21突变阴性, EGFR非Ex18-21突变患者缺乏EGFR-TKI治疗的证据。经过PubMed检索发现, 一篇文章报道了EGFR A289V突变的患者能从第一代EGFR-TKI埃克替尼中获益, 治疗5个月后肿瘤缩小30%[27]。另一项研究报道, 一例EGFR R675Q突变多发骨转移患者在厄洛替尼联合紫杉醇、卡铂治疗两周期后达到PR[28]。似乎某些携带EGFR非Ex18-21突变的肺癌患者也能从EGFR-TKI治疗中获益, 因此, 未来需要探索EGFR-TKI对EGFR非Ex18-21突变的疗效。

4 结论

在NGS检出突变后, EGFR非Ex18-21复合突变患者能从第一至第三代EGFR-TKI治疗中获益, EGFR非Ex18-21单突变患者接受免疫治疗和化疗的疗效与EGFR野生型患者的疗效相似, 未来需要探索EGFR-TKI在EGFR非Ex18-21突变晚期NSCLC患者中的疗效。

参考文献
[1] SUNG H, FERLAY J, SIEGEL R L, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249. [本文引用:1]
[2] MOLINA J R, YANG P, CASSIVI S D, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship[J]. Mayo Clin Proc, 2008, 83(5): 584-594. [本文引用:1]
[3] SAKURADA A, SHEPHERD F A, TSAO M S. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancer: impact of primary or secondary mutations[J]. Clin Lung Cancer, 2006, 7(4S): S138-144. [本文引用:1]
[4] TU H Y, KE E E, YANG J J, et al. A comprehensive review of uncommon EGFR mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Lung Cancer, 2017, 114: 96-102. [本文引用:3]
[5] WU Y L, ZHOU C, HU C P, et al. Afatinib versus cisplatin plus gemcitabine for first-line treatment of Asian patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring EGFR mutations (LUX-Lung 6): an open-label, rand omised phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15(2): 213-222. [本文引用:3]
[6] SEQUIST L V, YANG J C, YAMAMOTO N, et al. PhaseⅢstudy of afatinib or cisplatin plus pemetrexed in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2013, 31(27): 3327-3334. [本文引用:1]
[7] MOK T S, WU Y L, THONGPRASERT S, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(10): 947-957. [本文引用:2]
[8] WU Y L, ZHOU C, LIAM C K, et al. First-line erlotinib versus gemcitabine/cisplatin in patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: analyses from the phaseⅢ, rand omized, open-label, ENSURE study[J]. Ann Oncol, 2015, 26(9): 1883-1889. [本文引用:2]
[9] SHI Y K, WANG L, HAN B H, et al. First-line icotinib versus cisplatin / pemetrexed plus pemetrexed maintenance therapy for patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma (CONVINCE): a phase 3, open-label, rand omized study[J]. Ann Oncol, 2017, 28(10): 2443-2450. [本文引用:2]
[10] PARK K, TAN E H, O'BYRNE K, et al. Afatinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment of patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (LUX-Lung 7): a phase 2B, open-label, rand omised controlled trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2016, 17(5): 577-589. [本文引用:1]
[11] WU Y L, CHENG Y, ZHOU X, et al. Dacomitinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment for patients with EGFR-mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (ARCHER 1050): a rand omised, open-label, phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18(11): 1454-1466. [本文引用:2]
[12] SORIA J C, OHE Y, VANSTEENKISTE J, et al. Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(2): 113-125. [本文引用:1]
[13] PASSARO A, MOK T, PETERS S, et al. Recent advances on the role of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the management of NSCLC with uncommon, non exon 20 insertions, EGFR mutations[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2021, 16(5): 764-773. [本文引用:1]
[14] MOK T S, CHENG Y, ZHOU X, et al. Updated overall survival in a rand omized study comparing dacomitinib with gefitinib as first-line treatment in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and EGFR-activating mutations[J]. Drugs, 2021, 81(2): 257-266. [本文引用:1]
[15] LEE C K, KIM S, LEE J S, et al. Next-generation sequencing reveals novel resistance mechanisms and molecular heterogeneity in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs[J]. Lung Cancer, 2017, 113: 106-114. [本文引用:1]
[16] QIN B D, JIAO X D, YUAN L Y, et al. The effectiveness of afatinib and osimertinib in a Chinese patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma harboring a rare triple EGFR mutation (R670W/H835L/L833V): a case report and literature review[J]. Onco Targets Ther, 2018, 11: 4739-4745. [本文引用:1]
[17] LI T, WANG S, YING J, et al. Afatinib treatment response in advanced lung adenocarcinomas harboring uncommon mutations[J]. Thorac Cancer, 2021, 12(21): 2924-2932. [本文引用:1]
[18] KOHSAKA S, NAGANO M, UENO T, et al. A method of high-throughput functional evaluation of EGFR gene variants of unknown significance in cancer[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2017, 9(416): eaan6566. [本文引用:1]
[19] JI H, LI D, CHEN L, et al. The impact of human EGFR kinase domain mutations on lung tumorigenesis and in vivo sensitivity to EGFR-targeted therapies[J]. Cancer Cell, 2006, 9(6): 485-495. [本文引用:1]
[20] SCHILLER J H, HARRINGTON D, BELANI C P, et al. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(2): 92-98. [本文引用:1]
[21] FOSSELLA F, PEREIRA J R, VON PAWEL J, et al. Rand omized, multinational, phaseⅢ study of docetaxel plus platinum combinations versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the TAX 326 study group[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2003, 21(16): 3016-3024. [本文引用:1]
[22] SCAGLIOTTI G V, DE MARINIS F, RINALDI M, et al. PhaseⅢrand omized trial comparing three platinum-based doublets in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2002, 20(21): 4285-4291. [本文引用:2]
[23] SCAGLIOTTI G V, PARIKH P, VON PAWEL J, et al. Phase Ⅲ study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(21): 3543-3551. [本文引用:1]
[24] BORGHAEI H, PAZ-ARES L, HORN L, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 373(17): 1627-1639. [本文引用:2]
[25] BRAHMER J, RECKAMP K L, BAAS P, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 373(2): 123-135. [本文引用:1]
[26] GADGEEL S, RODRÍGUEZ-ABREU D, SPERANZA G, et al. Updated analysis from KEYNOTE-189: pembrolizumab or placebo plus pemetrexed and platinum for previously untreated metastatic nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(14): 1505-1517. [本文引用:2]
[27] DAI L, SU X, LU L, et al. Nonsmall cell lung cancer with rare exon 7 p. A289V mutation in the EGFR gene responds to Icotinib treatment: a case report[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(51): e13809. [本文引用:1]
[28] STEIN M K, MORRIS L, SULLIVAN J L, et al. Expand ing the search for significant EGFR mutations in NSCLC outside of the tyrosine kinase domain with next-generation sequencing[J]. Med Oncol, 2017, 34(7): 126. [本文引用:1]