2022年胃肠肿瘤治疗进展回顾
董秋美, 马冬
肿瘤内科, 南方医科大学附属广东省人民医院(广东省医学科学院), 广州 510080
通讯作者: 马冬, Tel:020-81884713, E-mail:dr_madong@163.com
作者简介:

董秋美(1973-),女,黑龙江哈尔滨人,医学博士,副主任医师,主要研究方向为消化道恶性肿瘤的诊治。

关键词: 胃癌; 结直肠癌; 研究进展
中图分类号:R735.2;R735.3 文献标识码:A 收稿日期: 2022-12-09
2022 Review of Progress in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors
DONG Qiu-mei, MA Dong
Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital(Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
Key words: gastric cancer; colorectal cancer; research advances

胃癌治疗进入靶向和免疫治疗时代之后, 药物逐渐向多靶点、抗体偶联药物、抗HER2双抗以及针对Claudin18.2、FGFR2b等靶点的新型靶向药物发展, 靶向联合免疫治疗的多项研究也取得不错的疗效。免疫治疗也从晚期胃癌开始走向围手术治疗领域, 晚期胃癌免疫治疗与化疗的联合已从单免向双免、联合抗血管生成药物进行探索, 在晚期一线治疗中取得初步疗效, 多项小样本研究显示免疫联合化疗在术前新辅助治疗明显提高病理完全缓解(pathologic complete response, pCR)率, 有望成为局部晚期胃癌术前治疗的新模式。

在结直肠癌领域, 高度微卫星不稳定性/错配修复缺失(microsatellite instability-high/mismatch-repair-deficient, MSI-H/dMMR)肠癌两项新辅助免疫治疗研究均获得100%的有效率, MSI-H/dMMR晚期肠癌单免和双免联合治疗同样为患者带来了长期的生存获益。免疫联合西妥昔单抗及化疗也为微卫星稳定性(microsatellite stable, MSS)型晚期肠癌带来希望, 免疫联合抗血管生物药物及化疗的结果喜忧参半。RESPECT研究提示奥沙利铂加入贝伐珠单抗/5氟尿嘧啶不能为老年晚期肠癌一线治疗带来生存获益。FRESCO-2研究证实了呋喹替尼在全球晚期肠癌患者的疗效。

1 胃癌研究进展
1.1 局部晚期胃癌围手术期治疗

DANTE是一项由研究者发起的多中心Ⅱb期临床研究[1], 评估阿替利珠单抗联合FLOT方案(5氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸钙/奥沙利铂/多西他赛)用于围手术期治疗对可切除的胃或胃食管交界处(gastroesophageal junction, GEJ)腺癌的疗效。结果显示在围手术期FLOT化疗联合阿替利珠单抗可达到更优的降期效果和pCR率(病理评估为24% vs. 15%), 对于程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand-1, PD-L1)高表达和MSI-H的人群获益更为显著。

另一项小样本的Ⅱ期研究[2], 采用mFOLFOX(5氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸钙/奥沙利铂)联合帕博利珠单抗用于食管/GEJ/胃癌围术期治疗。结果显示pCR率为19%, 病理缓解率达到93%。还有一项小样本的PANDA研究[3], 采用阿替利珠单抗联合DOC三药方案(多西他赛/奥沙利铂/卡培他滨)进行胃癌的术前新辅助治疗, 结果显示pCR率高达45%, 主要病理学缓解率(major pathologic response, MPR)达到70%。

多个相关研究结果均显示免疫联合化疗的新辅助治疗能够改善降期效果、明显提高pCR率, 有望成为新的围手术期治疗模式, 但目前仅是小样本研究, 尚需大型Ⅲ期临床研究进一步验证。

1.2 晚期胃癌靶向治疗

晚期胃癌除了抗HER2靶向治疗, 针对Claudin18.2、成纤维细胞生长因子受体2亚型Ⅱb(fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 isoform Ⅱb, FGFR2b)等新靶点的靶向药物以及靶向联合免疫治疗的多项研究尤其值得关注。

在HER2双抗方面, zanidatamab(ZW25)的靶点是两个不重叠的HER2胞外结构域, 是一种新型的靶向HER2双抗。ZW25联合替雷利珠单抗+化疗用于晚期胃癌一线的Ⅰb/Ⅱ期研究[4], 该研究发现对HER2阳性的胃/胃食管交界腺癌患者(n=33), zanidatamab(ZW25)、替雷利珠单抗和CAPOX方案(卡培他滨/奥沙利铂), 客观缓解率(objective response rate, ORR)为72.7%, 疾病控制率(disease control rate, DCR)为100%, 达到了与KEYNOTE-811研究相近的ORR, 再次验证了靶向、免疫联合化疗在HER2扩增阳性的晚期胃癌中的疗效。

国产的KN026与ZW25类似, 也是针对HER2胞外区的双特异性抗体, KN026单药在晚期HER2阳性胃癌患者二线治疗的初步疗效显示ORR为56%, 缓解持续时间(duration of response, DOR)为9.7个月, 无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)为8.3个月, 总生存期(overall survival, OS)为16.3个月[5]。并且在HER2低表达患者中, 疗效也与当前二线化疗具有可比性。

KN046是一种同时阻断PD-L1/细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CTLA-4)通路的双特异性抗体, 可以重新激活机体对肿瘤的免疫应答。初步结果显示KN026联合KN046(PD-L1/CTLA-4双抗)用于HER2阳性晚期胃癌一线治疗也有不俗的表现, ORR为77.8%, DCR为92.6%[6]

CLDN18.2蛋白在多种上皮来源的肿瘤如胃、胰腺、肺肿瘤中有异常表达, 已成为恶性肿瘤药物治疗的理想靶点。CT041是我国自主研发的全球首个靶向CLDN18.2(Claudin18.2)的自体嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor-modified T, CAR-T)细胞产品。中国开展的、多中心、开放标签的Ⅰ期临床研究[7]显示CT041在既往充分治疗的、CLDN18.2阳性的胃癌患者, 具有良好的抗肿瘤活性和可接受的安全性, CT041在胃癌患者中的ORR和DCR分别达到57.1%和75.0%。6个月的总生存率达81.2%。另外靶向CLDN18.2蛋白的单抗TST001、zolbetuximab的研究也展示出良好的抗肿瘤潜力[8], 目前已进入Ⅲ期临床研究, 有望成为晚期胃癌新一代靶向治疗药物。

FGFR2是胃癌的重要靶点, 大约30%HER2阴性的胃癌患者存在FGFR2b高表达或FGFR2基因扩增。FIGHT(NCT03694522)研究[9]评估了靶向FGFR2b的单克隆抗体bemarituzumab(BEMA)+mFOLFOX6化疗 vs. 安慰剂+化疗, 用于初治的FGFR2b过表达HER2阴性的晚期胃癌或GEJ的疗效, 治疗组和对照组PFS分别为9.5个月vs. 7.4个月, 初步显示了可喜的疗效。同样设计的确认性Ⅲ期研究FORTITUDE-101[10]正在进行中, 结果尚待公布, 结果也值得期待。

1.3 晚期胃癌免疫联合化疗及靶向治疗

目前晚期胃癌免疫与化疗的联合正在从单免向双免、或靶免联合发展, 继HER2阳性患者化疗联合帕博利珠单抗、曲妥珠单抗靶免治疗的KEYNOTE-811研究之后, 对HER2阴性患者化疗联合抗血管生成靶向药物及免疫治疗的多个Ⅱ期研究结果令人兴奋, 有可能动摇一线化疗联合免疫治疗的地位, 相关的Ⅲ期临床研究正在开展。

Moonlight研究[11]对比了FOLFOX联合纳武利尤单抗(nivolumab, nivo)和伊匹单抗(ipilimumab, ipi)或FOLFOX诱导后序贯纳武利尤单抗和伊匹单抗治疗晚期胃或GEJ的疗效。该研究入组90例患者按1∶2随机分配至平行给药的A1组(FOLFOX+nivo+ipi)或序贯治疗的A2组(mFOLFOX三个周期后nivo+ipi治疗)。结果发现化疗联合双免并行给药明显优于序贯给药组:A1组和A2组6个月PFS率为57%和28%(P=0.012), 中位PFS分别为8.4个月和4.0个月(P=0.006), A1组中位OS尚未达到, A2组中位OS为9.1个月, ORR分别为47%和30%。

一项研究入组35例HER2阴性食管胃癌患者一线接受瑞戈非尼+纳武利尤单抗+FOLFOX治疗[12], 结果显示90%的患者出现肿瘤消退(-5%至-100%)。整个队列的ORR为62%, 综合阳性评分(combined positive score, CPS)<5的患者的ORR为62%, CPS≥5的患者的ORR为63%。

SYLT-017研究[13]评估了卡瑞利珠单抗联合阿帕替尼联合POF(紫杉醇/奥沙利铂/亚叶酸钙/5氟尿嘧啶)治疗初治的晚期胃癌的疗效。结果显示该方案ORR为75.0%, DCR为100.0%, 中位PFS为11.0个月, 中位OS为14.0个月。

LEAP-015(NCT04662710)是一项全球性、随机Ⅲ期研究[14], 研究仑伐替尼+帕博利珠单抗+化疗(CAPOX或mFOLFOX)作为晚期/转移性GEJ一线治疗的安全性和疗效。结果观察到仑伐替尼+帕博利珠单抗+化疗具有良好的抗肿瘤活性(ORR:73%; DCR:93%)。

1.4 晚期胃癌二线及后线治疗

PRODIGE59-DURIGAST临床研究[15]评估了FOLFIRI(氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸钙/伊立替康)联合度伐利尤单抗(FD方案)和FOLFIRI联合度伐利尤单抗及tremelimumab(FDT方案)二线治疗晚期胃癌或GEJ的Ⅱ期临床研究, 研究共纳入96例晚期胃癌或GEJ患者, 按1∶1随机分配入组, 接受FD方案(n=48)或FDT方案(n=48)治疗。结果显示单免(D)联合FOLFIRI或双免(D+T)联合FOLFIRI在全人群中并没有超越既往免疫联合单药化疗和/或抗血管生成靶向治疗。

另一项二线治疗GEJ的Ⅱ期研究[16]发现, 雷莫芦单抗联合阿维鲁单抗和紫杉醇肿瘤的mOS可达10.6个月, 优于既往在雷莫芦单抗联合化疗二线治疗晚期胃癌的RAINBOW和RAMIRIS的数据, 并且在PD-L1 CPS≥5人群中似乎预示着更好的疗效, mOS达14.0个月。

2 结直肠癌研究进展
2.1 MSI-H/dMMR肠癌免疫治疗疗效显著

2.1.1 MSI-H肠癌新辅助治疗取得突破性进展

2022年美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO)会议上Cercek等报道的新型程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1, PD-1)单抗dostarlimab新辅助治疗局部晚期dMMR直肠癌的研究, 入组14例患者接受半年dostarlimab治疗, 100%达到了临床完全缓解, 并且未观察到3~4级不良事件[17]。此外, NICHE研究也更新了疗效数据:纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹木单抗新辅助治疗32例dMMR结肠癌患者, 缓解率达到100%, 其中pCR率为69%、MPR率为97%[18]。这些研究将改变dMMR局部晚期结直肠癌(metastatic colorectal cancer, mCRC)的治疗模式, 也为去手术化的可能性带来研究空间。

2.1.2 晚期MSI-H/dMMR肠癌免疫治疗带来长生存

免疫治疗在MSI-H/dMMR mCRC患者同样取得显著疗效。大型Ⅲ期KEYNOTE-177随机临床研究证实, PD-1抑制剂单药对比标准治疗在MSI-H/dMMR mCRC患者可显著延长PFS一倍以上:16.5个月vs. 8.2个月[风险比(hazard ratio, HR)0.59, 95%可信区间(confidence interval, CI)0.45~0.79]。最新公布的数据显示两组mOS并无显著差异, 可能与标准治疗组后续交叉应用免疫治疗有关[19]

CheckMate 142研究[20]更新的数据显示:纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹木单抗双免一线和二线治疗MSI-H/dMMR mCRC患者, ORR分别为71%(95%CI 56~84)和65%(95%CI 55~73), 中位DOR均未达到, 48个月OS率分别为72%(95%CI 57~83)和71%(95%CI 62~78), 双免治疗OS率均超过70%, 证明双免治疗可为这类患者带来持续生存获益。另一项NIPICOL研究将纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹木单抗双免组合持续一年用于MSI-H/dMMR mCRC患者的后线治疗, 57例患者3年OS率达到73%(95%CI 58.4~83.4), 显示出持久的抗肿瘤活性[21]

2.2 MSS晚期肠癌的免疫联合治疗

2.2.1 免疫联合西妥昔单抗及化疗带来新希望

在CAVE研究中评估了既往接受过抗EGFR治疗患者应用西妥昔单抗联合阿维鲁单抗三线治疗的疗效(92%为MSS型), 2022年欧洲肿瘤内科学会胃肠肿瘤大会(European Society for Medical Oncology-World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancer, ESMO-GI)会议更新该研究的长期随访结果, 总体人群中位PFS为4.1个月(95%CI 3.0~5.2), 中位OS达18.6个月(95%CI 11.7~25.4), 21%的患者OS超过30个月。进一步验证西妥昔单抗再挑战联合阿维鲁单抗在RAS野生型mCRC患者中的有效性[22]

AVETUXIRI研究是阿维鲁单抗联合西妥昔单抗及伊立替康治疗难治性MSS型mCRC的Ⅱ期研究, 中期分析结果显示RAS野生型和RAS突变型的有效率分别为30%、0%, 但6个月PFS率分别为40%、38.5%, 1年OS率分别为50%、46.2%。RAS野生型队列达到了主要疗效终点, RAS突变型队列亦可看到一定的生存获益[23]

TEC研究[24]发现替雷利珠单联合西妥昔单抗和伊立替康在RAS野生型MSS型mCRC后线治疗中显示出令人鼓舞的疗效, 33例受试者ORR达到36.4%, DCR为78.8%; 随访超过5个月, 中位PFS尚未达到。

2.2.2 MSS晚期肠癌的免疫联合抗血管生成及化疗药物治疗

NIVACOR研究[25]的结果显示, 无论微卫星状态如何, 纳武利尤单抗+FOLFOXIRI(伊立替康/奥沙利铂/亚叶酸钙/5氟尿嘧啶)/贝伐珠单抗在未经治疗的RAS/BRAF突变mCRC患者表现出良好的有效性, 73例患者, ORR达76.7%, DCR为97.3%, mPFS为10.1个月。另一项三药化疗联合贝伐珠单抗及免疫治疗一线治疗mCRC的AtezoTRIBE研究[26]显示有效率存在一定提升, 但是生存获益不明显。

2022年ASCO-GI中CheckMate 9X8研究[27]是探索纳武利尤单抗联合mFOLFOX6及贝伐珠单抗对比mFOLFOX6及贝伐珠单抗一线治疗mCRC的Ⅱ期研究。入组大部分患者为MSS型, 研究结果为阴性, 两组的PFS及OS均无显著差异。2022年ASCO中国研究者报道的一项信迪利单抗联合CapeOX(卡培他滨/奥沙利铂)及贝伐珠单抗一线治疗RAS突变型、MSS型mCRC患者的Ⅱ期研究[28], ORR达84%, DCR达100%, 中位PFS未达到。

2.3 晚期肠癌化疗及靶向治疗

JCOG1018是一项随机Ⅲ期(RESPECT)老年肠癌晚期一线治疗的研究[29], 该研究共纳入251例老年初发的晚期结肠癌患者, 随机分组至无奥沙利铂治疗组(5氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸钙或卡培他滨加贝伐珠单抗, “NO”OX), 和含奥沙利铂治疗组(mFOLFOX7或CapeOX加贝伐珠单抗, “ADD”OX), 两组的中位年龄分别为80岁和79岁, 90%以上患者PS评分0~1分。最终两组的中位PFS分别为9.4个月(95%CI 8.3~10.3)和10个月(95%CI 9.0~11.2), OS分别为21.3个月(95%CI 18.7~24.3)和19.7个月(95%CI 15.5~25.5), 没有统计学差异。与无奥沙利铂的方案相比, 含奥沙利铂的治疗方案未见明显获益。该研究提示, 对老年mCRC患者的初始治疗推荐贝伐珠单抗+氟尿嘧啶单药方案。

对于KRAS外显子野生型mCRC的Ⅲ期临床研究荟萃分析结果表明, 抗EGFR单克隆抗体在RAS野生mCRC或左侧结直肠癌患者中比贝伐珠单抗具有更长的OS。然而, 尚没有前瞻性研究比较这些患者人群中两种单克隆抗体的疗效。日本报道的PARADIGM研究[30]共入组823例患者通过1∶1比例随机分配至帕尼单抗+mFOLFOX6或贝伐珠单抗+mFOLFOX6组, 结果显示, 与贝伐珠单抗相比, 帕尼单抗联合mFOLFOX6显著改善RAS野生型和左侧原发肿瘤mCRC患者的OS:37.9个月vs. 34.3个月, HR=0.82, 95.798%CI 0.68~0.99, P=0.031; 且提高了患者的缓解率和R0切除率, 为该人群建立了标准的一线联合方案。

呋喹替尼三线治疗mCRC患者的全球Ⅲ期FRESCO研究证实呋喹替尼与安慰剂组对比, 可显著延长患者的mOS和mPFS, 成为中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, CSCO)指南推荐的mCRC三线标准治疗方案。FRESCO-2研究[31]是一项承接FRESCO研究在全球多中心的Ⅲ期临床研究, 旨在探索呋喹替尼对全球mCRC患者的疗效和安全性。结果显示呋喹替尼组和安慰剂组中位OS分别为7.4个月和4.8个月(HR=0.66, 95%CI 0.55~0.80, P<0.001), 中位PFS为3.7个月和1.8个月(HR=0.32, 95%CI 0.27~0.39, P<0.001)。DCR分别为55.5%和16.1%, FRESCO-2研究中呋喹替尼组在OS、PFS、ORR、DCR等方面的获益, 与FRESCO研究数据接近, 证实了呋喹替尼对于全球不同地域、不同人种CRC患者的一致性疗效, 进一步证实了该药用于mCRC的生存获益和客观疗效。

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